Cannabinoid-2 agonists

ABSTRACT

The present specification discloses cannabinoid-2 agonists, compositions comprising such cannabinoid-2 agonists, and methods of treating an individual suffering from a disease by administering compositions comprising such cannabinoid-2 agonists. (Formula I and III)

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/302,384, filed on Feb. 8, 2010, the entiredisclosure of which is incorporated herein by this specific reference.

BACKGROUND

Cannabinoids are lipid-based compounds that can be divided intoendogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), which are generatednaturally inside the body, from exogenous cannabinoids, which areintroduced into the body as cannabis or a related synthetic compound.The physiological effects of cannabinoids are mediated by at least twohigh-affinity cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, located in the cellmembrane. Belonging to a class of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)family, CB1 and CB2 share about 44% amino acid sequence identity. BothCB1 and CB2 receptors couple to the inhibitory G-protein alpha-subunitGi and G₀. Receptor activation thus leads to inhibition of adenylatecyclase, thereby the production of the second messenger molecule cyclicAMP, as well as to activation of mitogen activated protein kinase(MAPK). In addition, under certain conditions and with certain agonists,the CB1 and CB2 receptors couple to G_(s) and G_(q11). Furthermore, CB1and CB2 receptor activation also although appears to have distinctdownstream effects on other intracellular signal transduction pathways,such as, e.g., potassium ion channels, calcium channels, protein kinaseA and C, Raf-1, ERK, JNK, p38, c-fos, c-jun, depending on the cell type.D. G. Demuth and A. Molleman, Cannabinoid Signaling, Life Sci. 78(6):549-563 (2006). CB1 receptors can also modulate ion channels, inhibitingN-, and P/R-type calcium channels, stimulating inwardly rectifying Kchannels and enhancing the activation of the A-type K channel.

The therapeutic use of cannabinoids dated back at least 4,000 years tothe ancient dynasties of China and includes applications for variousillnesses ranging from lack of appetite, emesis, cramps, menstrual pain,spasticity to rheumatism. The long history of medicinal use ofcannabinoids has led to the development of several modern pharmaceuticaldrugs. For example, MARINOL (generic name dronabinol) and CESAMET(generic name nabilone), two synthetic cannabinoids based on THC, areprescribed anti-emetic and for enhancement of appetite, mainly in AIDSpatients. In addition to their clinical use as an antiemetic, potentialtherapeutic uses of nonselective cannabinoid receptor agonists includethe management of multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, pain,inflammatory disorders, glaucoma, bronchial asthma, vasodilatation thataccompanies advanced cirrhosis, and cancer. See e.g., Y. Cheng and S. A.Hitchcock, Targeting Cannabinoid Agonists for Inflammatory andNeuropathic Pain, Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 16(7): 951-965 (2007); B.G. Ramíirez, et al., Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology byCannabinoids: Neuroprotection Mediated by Blockade of MicroglialActivation, J. Neurosci. 25(8): 1904-1913 (2005).

However, despite the clinical benefits, the therapeutic usage of currentcannabinoid agonists is limited by their clinically undesirablepsychotropic side-effects, such as, e.g., hallucination, addiction, anddependence. With the discovery that these psychotropic side-effects weremediated by the CB1 receptor, great interest has been focused onidentifying CB2 selective agonists in an effort to developpharmaceutical drugs that lack the psychotropic side-effects associatedwith nonselective CB1/CB2 cannabinoid agonists. See e.g., MeyyappanMuthuppalaniappan, et al., Novel Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands,Pharmaceutical Compositions Containing Them, and Processes for TheirPreparation, U.S. Patent Publication 2008/0200501; Chunjian Liu, et al.,Indole Indane Amide Compounds Useful as CB2 Agonists and Method, U.S.Patent Publication 2009/0041722; Timothy C. Gahman, et al.,Heterocyclodiazeoine Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators for Treatment ofDisease, U.S. Patent Publication 2009/0062253; Tomoki Kato, et al.,Sulfonyl Benzimidazole Derivatives, U.S. Patent Publication2009/0137584; Liotta Fina, et al., Hexahydro-CycloheptapyrazoleCannabinoid Modulators, US Patent Publication 2009/0197886; Mingde Xia,et al., Method for Treating CB2 Receptor Mediated Pain, U.S. PatentPublication 2009/0215850; and Doria Riether, et al., Compounds whichModulate the CB2 Receptor, U.S. Patent Publication 2009/0275611; each ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present specification discloses novel CB2 agonist useful fortreating a variety of diseases mediated by CB2 receptor activity,including inflammatory pain, reflex sympathetic dystrophy/causalgia,peripheral neuropathy, entrapment neuropathy, complex regional painsyndrome, nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, chronic lowback pain, visceral pain, acute cerebral ischemia, pain, chronic pain,acute pain, post herpetic neuralgia (PHN), neuropathies, neuralgia,diabetic neuropathy, HIV-related neuropathy, nerve injury, ocular pain,headaches of various etiologies, including migraine, acute herpes zoster(shingles), pain-related disorders such as tactile allodynia andhyperalgesia, rheumatoid arthritic pain, osteoarthritic pain, back pain,cancer pain, dental pain, muscular pain, mastalgia, pain resulting fromdermal injuries, fibromyalgia, neuritis, sciatica, inflammation,neurodegenerative disease, cough, broncho constriction, irritable bowelsyndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colitis,cerebrovascular ischemia, emesis such as cancer chemotherapy-inducedemesis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis,asthma, dermatitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis, gastroesophageal refluxdisease (GERD), constipation, diarrhea, functional gastrointestinaldisorders, irritable bowel syndrome, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, multiplesclerosis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus,diabetes, glaucoma, osteoporosis, glomerulonephritis, renal ischemia,nephritis, hepatitis, cerebral stroke, vasculitis, myocardialinfarction, cerebral ischemia, reversible airway obstruction, adultrespiratory disease syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, and bronchitis.

Aspects of the present specification relate to a compound of formula I:

-   -   wherein R, R₁, R₂, and R₃, are independently H, hydroxyl,        halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkenyl,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted        or optionally substituted oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted thioalkyl, a six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member        heterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl;        and    -   Q is aryl, a substituted aryl, or the ring-structure of formula        II:

-   -   wherein Y is N, O, S or C(R₆R₇); and    -   R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are        independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted oxyalkyl,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a six-member        cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or        a six-member heteroaryl.

In other aspects, the present specification relate to a compound offormula I:

-   -   wherein R is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or        OC₁-C₆ alkyl;    -   R₁ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆        alkyl;    -   R₂ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, OC₁-C₆        alkyl, or C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆ alkyl        substituted by OH;    -   R₃ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆        alkyl;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a        six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a        six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; and    -   Q is phenyl, a substituted phenyl, or the ring-structure of        formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇); and    -   R₆, R₇ R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are        independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or        OC₁-C₆ alkyl.

In yet other aspects, the present specification relate to a compound offormula I:

-   -   wherein R is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or        OC₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   R₁ is H, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   R₂ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆        alkyl substituted by OH;    -   R₃ is H, or C₁-C₆ alkyl;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, morpholine, or        piperidine; and    -   Q is the ring-structure of formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇);    -   R₆ and R₇ are independently H or halogen; and    -   R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are independently H or        C₁-C₂ alkyl, provided at least two are not hydrogen.

In a further aspect, the compound is of formula I wherein R₈, R₉, R₁₄,and R₁₅ are methyl; R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are hydrogen; and Y is CH₂.In yet further aspects, the compound is5-hydroxy-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,5-Methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,5-Dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,5-Propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,5-Propyloxy-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Bromo-5-propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Bromo-5-(2-dimethylaminoethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Bromo-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethylmethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one, or4-Chloro-5-(2-diethylaminoethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one.

In other aspects of the present specification relate to a compound offormula III:

-   -   wherein X is N, O, S or C(R₄R₅)    -   W is N, O, S, or CH;    -   R₁ and R₂ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a        six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a        six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a        six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a        six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; and    -   Q is phenyl, a substituted phenyl, or the ring-structure of        formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is N, O, S or C(R₆R₇); and    -   R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are        independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted oxyalkyl,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a six-member        cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or        a six-member heteroaryl.

In yet other aspects of the present specification relate to a compoundof formula III:

-   -   wherein X is N or CH;    -   W is N or CH;    -   R₁ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆        alkyl;    -   R₂ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, OC₁-C₆        alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or CC₂-C₆ alkyl        substituted by OH;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a        six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a        six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; and    -   Q is phenyl, a substituted phenyl, or the ring-structure of        formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇); and    -   R₆, R₇ R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are        independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or        OC₁-C₆ alkyl.

In yet other aspects of the present specification relate to a compoundof formula III:

-   -   wherein R is H, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   R₁ is H, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   R₂ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆        alkyl substituted by OH;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, morpholine, or        piperidine;    -   X is N or CH;    -   W is N or CH; and    -   Q is the ring-structure of formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇);    -   R₆ and R₇ are independently H or halogen; and    -   R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are independently H or        C₁-C₂ alkyl, provided at least two are not hydrogen.

In a further aspect of this composition, the compound is of formula IIIwherein R₈, R₉, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are methyl; R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ arehydrogen; and Y is CH₂. In yet further aspects of this composition, thecompound is 1-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,2-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,1-(2-Morpholin-4-ylethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,2-(2-Morpholin-4-ylethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,1-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,or2-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one.

Other aspects of the present specification relate to compositionscomprising a compound of formula I or a compound of formula III. In afurther aspect of this composition, the composition is a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compoundof formula I, in admixture with a non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptablevehicle. In a yet further aspect of this composition, the composition isa pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of formula III, in admixture with a non-toxic,pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

Yet other aspects of the present specification relate to methods oftreating an individual suffering from a disease, the method comprisingthe step of administering to the individual a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulaI, wherein such administration reduces or eliminates a symptomassociated with the disease.

Yet other aspects of the present specification relate to methods oftreating an individual suffering from a disease, the method comprisingthe step of administering to the individual a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulaIII, wherein such administration reduces or eliminates a symptomassociated with the disease.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In all of the above formulae, as well as in those provided hereinafter,the straight lines represent bonds. Where there is no symbol for theatoms between the bonds, the appropriate carbon-containing radical is tobe inferred.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory onlyand are not restrictive of the invention claimed. As used herein, theuse of the singular includes the plural unless specifically statedotherwise. As used herein, “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise.Furthermore, use of the term “including” as well as other forms, such as“includes,” and “included,” is not limiting. The section headings usedherein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construedas limiting the subject matter described.

Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclatures utilized inconnection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques ofanalytical chemistry, synthetic organic and inorganic chemistrydescribed herein are those known in the art. Standard chemical symbolsare used interchangeably with the full names represented by suchsymbols. Thus, for example, the terms “hydrogen” and “H” are understoodto have identical meaning. Standard techniques may be used for chemicalsyntheses, chemical analyses, and formulation.

Any definition herein may be used in combination with any otherdefinition to describe a composite structural group. By convention, thetrailing element of any such definition is that which attaches to theparent moiety. For example, the composite group alkylamido wouldrepresent an alkyl group attached to the parent molecule through anamido group, and the term alkoxyalkyl would represent an alkoxy groupattached to the parent molecule through an alkyl group.

When ranges of values are disclosed, and the notation “from n₁ . . . ton₂” is used, where n₁ and n₂ are the numbers, then unless otherwisespecified, this notation is intended to include the numbers themselvesand the range between them. This range may be integral or continuousbetween and including the end values. By way of example, the range “from2 to 6 carbons” is intended to include two, three, four, five, and sixcarbons, since carbons come in integer units. Compare, by way ofexample, the range “from 1 to 3 μM (micromolar),” which is intended toinclude 1 μM, 3 μM, and everything in between to any number ofsignificant figures (e.g., 1.255 μM, 2.1 μM, 2.9999 μM, etc.). When n isset at 0 in the context of “0 carbon atoms”, it is intended to indicatea bond or null.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “aryl” or “arylhydrocarbon” refers to a functional group comprising a substituted orunsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon with a conjugated cyclic molecularring structure of 3 to 12 carbon atoms. An aryl group can be monocyclic,bicyclic or polycyclic, and may optionally include one to threeadditional ring structures, such as, e.g., a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl,a heterocycloalkyl, a heterocycloalkenyl, or a heteroaryl. The term“aryl” includes, without limitation, phenyl (benzenyl), thiophenyl,indolyl, naphthyl, totyl, xylyl, anthracenyl, phenanthryl, azulenyl,biphenyl, naphthalenyl, 1-mMethylnaphthalenyl, acenaphthenyl,acenaphthylenyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, phenalenyl, phenanthrenyl,benzo[a]anthracenyl, benzo[c]phenanthrenyl, chrysenyl, fluoranthenyl,pyrenyl, tetracenyl (naphthacenyl), triphenylenyl, anthanthrenyl,benzopyrenyl, benzo[a]pyrenyl, benzo[e]fluoranthenyl,benzo[ghi]perylenyl, benzo[j]fluoranthenyl, benzo[k]fluoranthenyl,corannulenyl, coronenyl, dicoronylenyl, helicenyl, heptacenyl,hexacenyl, ovalenyl, pentacenyl, picenyl, perylenyl, andtetraphenylenyl.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “lower aryl”refers to a functional group comprising a substituted or unsubstitutedaromatic hydrocarbon with a conjugated cyclic molecular ring structureof 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of lower aryl groups include, withoutlimitation, phenyl and naphthyl.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “alkenyl”refers to a functional group comprising a straight-chain orbranched-chain hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms andhaving one or more carbon-carbon double bonds and not having any cyclicstructure. An alkenyl group may be optionally substituted as definedherein. Examples of alkenyl groups include, without limitation, ethenyl,propenyl, 2-methylpropenyl, butenyl, 1,4-butadienyl, pentenyl, hexenyl,heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, dodecenyl, tridecenyl,tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl, octadecenyl,nonadecenyl, eicosenyl, and the like.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “alkyl” refersto a functional group comprising a straight-chain or branched-chainhydrocarbon containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms linked exclusively bysingle bonds and not having any cyclic structure. An alkyl group may beoptionally substituted as defined herein. Examples of alkyl groupsincludes, without limitation methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl,n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl,heptyl, octyl, noyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl tridecyl, tetradecyl,pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl, andthe like.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “alkynyl”refers to a functional group comprising a straight-chain orbranched-chain hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms andhaving one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds and not having any cyclicstructure. An alkynyl group may be optionally substituted as definedherein. Examples of alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl,propynyl, hydroxypropynyl, butynyl, butyn-1-yl, butyn-2-yl,3-methylbutyn-1-yl, pentynyl, pentyn-1-yl, hexynyl, hexyn-2-yl,heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, undecynyl, dodecynyl, tridecynyl,tetradecynyl, pentadecynyl, hexadecynyl, heptadecynyl, octadecynyl,nonadecynyl, eicosynyl, and the like.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “cycloalkenyl”and “cycloolefin” refers to a functional group comprising a substitutedor unsubstituted non-aromatic hydrocarbon with a non-conjugated cyclicmolecular ring structure of 3 to 12 carbon atoms having at least onecarbon-carbon double bond in the carbon ring structure. A cycloalkenylgroup can be monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic, and may optionallyinclude one to three additional ring structures, such as, e.g., an aryl,a heteroaryl, a cycloalkyl, a heterocycloalkyl, or a heterocycloalkenyl.Examples of such cycloalkenyl groups include, without limitation,cyclopropene, cyclobutene, 1,3-cyclobutadiene, cyclopentene,1,3-cyclopentadiene, cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene,1,4-cyclohexadiene, cycloheptene. 1,3-cycloheptadiene,1,4-cycloheptadiene, and 1,5-cycloheptadiene.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “lowercycloalkenyl” refers to a functional group comprising a monocyclicsubstituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic hydrocarbon with anon-conjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 6 carbon atomshaving at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the carbon ringstructure.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “cycloalkyl”,“carbocyclicalkyl”, and “carbocyclealkyl” refers to a functional groupcomprising a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic hydrocarbon witha non-conjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 12 carbon atomslinked exclusively with carbon-carbon single bonds in the carbon ringstructure. A cycloalkyl group can be monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic,and may optionally include one to three additional ring structures, suchas, e.g., an aryl, a heteroaryl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocycloalkyl, ora heterocycloalkenyl.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “lowercycloalkyl” refers to a functional group comprising a monocyclicsubstituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic hydrocarbon with anon-conjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 6 carbon atomslinked exclusively with carbon-carbon single bonds in the carbon ringstructure. Examples of lower cycloalkyl groups include, withoutlimitation, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “diene” refersto a functional group comprising a straight-chain or branched-chainhydrocarbon with two carbon-carbon double bonds and having the generalformula of C_(n)H2_(n-2). A diene can be unconjugated, conjugated orcumulative. Examples of diene groups include, without limitation, allene(propan-1,2-diene), 1,3-butadiene, chloroprene, hexachlorobutadiene,isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), isotoluene, myrcenol, and piperylene.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “cyclodiene”refers to a functional group comprising a substituted or unsubstitutednon-aromatic hydrocarbon with a cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to12 carbon atoms and having two carbon-carbon double bonds in the carbonring structure. A cyclodiene can be unconjugated, conjugated orcumulative. Examples of cyclodiene groups include, without limitation,cyclopentadiene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, andmethylcyclopentad iene.

As used herein, the term “functional group” refers to a specific groupof atoms within a molecule that are responsible for the characteristicchemical reactions of those molecules.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “halo” or“halogen” refers to the nonmetal elements fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl),bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatine (At) and ununseptium (Uus).

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “heteroalkyl”refers to a functional group comprising a straight-chain orbranched-chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 20 atoms linkedexclusively by single bonds, where at least one atom in the chain is acarbon and at least one atom in the chain is O, S, N, or any combinationthereof. The heteroalkyl group can be fully saturated or contain from 1to 3 degrees of unsaturation. The non-carbon atoms can be at anyinterior position of the heteroalkyl group, and up to two non-carbonatoms may be consecutive, such as, e.g., —CH₂—NH—OCH₃. In addition, thenon-carbon atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen mayoptionally be quaternized.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “heteroaryl”refers to a functional group comprising a substituted or unsubstitutedaromatic hydrocarbon with a conjugated cyclic molecular ring structureof 3 to 12 atoms, where at least one atom in the ring structure is acarbon and at least one atom in the ring structure is O, S, N, or anycombination thereof. A heteroaryl group can be monocyclic, bicyclic orpolycyclic, and may optionally include one to three additional ringstructures, such as, e.g., an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aheterocycloalkyl, or a heterocycloalkenyl. Examples of heteroaryl groupsinclude, without limitation, acridinyl, benzidolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzisoxazolyl, benzodioxinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, benzodioxolyl,1,3-benzodioxolyl, benzofuryl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzopyranyl,benzothiophenyl, benzo[c]thiophenyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl,benzoxazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl,carbazolyl, chromonyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrocinnolinyl, coumarinyl,dibenzofuranyl, furopyridinyl, furyl, indolizinyl, indolyl,dihydroindolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuryl, isoindolyl,isoindolinyl, dihydroisoindolyl, isoquinolyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl,isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, phenanthrolinyl,phenanthridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl,pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl,quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,tetrazolopyridazinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl,thiadiazolyl, thienopyridinyl, thienyl, thiophenyl, triazolyl,xanthenyl, and the like.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “lowerheteroaryl” refers to a functional group comprising a monocyclic orbycyclic, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon with aconjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 6 atoms, where atleast one atom in the ring structure is a carbon and at least one atomin the ring structure is O, S, N, or any combination thereof.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term“heterocycloalkenyl” refers to a functional group comprising asubstituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic hydrocarbon with anon-conjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 12 atoms havingat least one double bond, where at least one atom in the ring structureis a carbon and at least one atom in the ring structure is O, S, N, orany combination thereof. The heterocycloalkenyl group can beunsaturated, fully saturated or contain from 1 to 3 degrees ofunsaturation. A heterocycloalkenyl group can be monocyclic, bicyclic orpolycyclic, and may optionally include one to three additional ringstructures, such as, e.g., an aryl, a heteroaryl, a cycloalkyl, aheterocycloalkyl, or a cycloalkenyl.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “lowerheterocycloalkenyl” refers to a functional group comprising a monocyclicsubstituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic hydrocarbon with anon-conjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 6 atoms having atleast one double bond, where at least one atom in the ring structure isa carbon and at least one atom in the ring structure is O, S, N, or anycombination thereof.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term“heterocycloalkyl”, “heterocyclicalkyl”, and “heterocyclealkyl” refersto a functional group comprising a substituted or unsubstitutednon-aromatic hydrocarbon with a non-conjugated cyclic molecular ringstructure of 3 to 12 atoms linked exclusively with single bonds in thering structure, where at least one atom in the ring structure is acarbon and at least one atom in the ring structure is O, S, N, or anycombination thereof. The heterocycloalkyl group can be unsaturated,fully saturated or contain from 1 to 3 degrees of unsaturation. Aheterocycloalkyl group can be monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic, andmay optionally include one to three additional ring structures, such as,e.g., an aryl, a heteroaryl a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, or aheterocycloalkenyl. A heterocycle group may be optionally substitutedunless specifically prohibited. Examples of such heterocycloalkyl groupsinclude, without limitation, ariridinyl, azirinyl, diazirinyl, oxiranyl,oxirenyl, dioxiranyl, thiiranyl, thiirenyl, azetidinyl, azetyl,diazetidinyl, oxetanyl, oxetyl, dioxetanyl, dioxetenyl, thietanyl,thietyl, dithietanyl, dithietyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl,furanyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl,dihydrothiophenyl, thiophenyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl,imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, oxazolidinyl,isoxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolinyl,thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, thiazolyl, thiazolinyl, isothiazolyl,isothiazolinyl, dioxolanyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, dioxolanyl,1,3-dioxolanyl, oxathiolanyl, dithiolanyl, triazolyl, dithiazolyl,furazanyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, piperidinyl,tetrahydropyridinyl, pyridinyl, dihydropyridinyl,dihydro[1,3]oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,thianyl, thiopyranyl, piperazinyl, diazinyl, morpholinyl,thiomorpholinyl, oxazinyl, thiazinyl, dithianyl, dioxanyl, dioxinyl,triazinyl, trioxanyl, tetrazinyl, azepanyl, azepinyl, oxepanyl,oxepinyl, thiepanyl, thiepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, azocanyl,azocinyl, oxecanyl, thiocanyl, and the like.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “lowerheterocycloalkyl” refers to a functional group comprising a monocyclicsubstituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic hydrocarbon with anon-conjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 6 atoms linkedexclusively with single bonds in the ring structure, where at least oneatom in the ring structure is a carbon and at least one atom in the ringstructure is O, S, N, or any combination thereof. Lowerheterocycloalkyls may be unsaturated. Examples of lowerheterocycloalkyls include, without limitation, pyrrolidinyl,imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, andmorpholinyl.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “hydroxy”refers to the functional group hydroxyl (—OH).

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “imidate” or“imino ether” refers to a molecule comprising an imine (C═N—) and havingthe general formula RN═C(OR′)R″, wherein R, R′ and R″ are an organicmoiety or group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “imide” refersto a functional group comprising two carbonyl groups bound to nitrogen[—C(═O)NC(═O)—], and having the general formula RCONCOR′, wherein R andR′ are an organic moiety or group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “imine” refersto the functional group —C═NH—. A primary ketimine has the generalformula RCNHR', a secondary ketimine has the general formula RCNR′R″, aprimary aldimine has the general formula RCNHH, and a secondary aldiminehas the general formula RCNR′H, wherein R, R″ and R″ are an organicmoiety or group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “imino” refersto the functional group ═NH—.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “iminohydroxy”refers to the functional group ═N(OH) and its corresponding anion ═N—O—.

As used herein, the term “parent chain”, “parent hydrocarbon chain”, or“in the main chain” refers to the longest contiguous or adjacent chainof carbon atoms starting at the point of attachment of a group to themolecules of any one of the formulas disclosed herein.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “isocyanato” or“isonitrile” refers to the functional group —NCO.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term“isothiocyanato” refers to the functional group —NCS.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “isocyanate”refers to the functional group —N═C═O.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “isocyanide”refers to the functional group —N≡C, and having the general formula RCN,wherein R is an organic moiety or group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term“isothiocyanate” refers to the functional group —N═C═S.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “keto” refersto the functional group —C═O.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “ketone” refersto a molecule comprising a keto group [—C═O], and having the generalformula RCOR′, wherein R and R′ are an organic moiety or group.

As used herein, the term “linear chain of atoms” refers to the longeststraight chain of atoms independently selected from carbon, nitrogen,oxygen and sulfur.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “lower” refersto a functional group or molecule containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms,unless otherwise specifically defined.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “nitrile”refers to a molecule comparing a cyano group (—C≡N), and having thegeneral formula RCN, wherein R is an organic moiety or group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “nitrite”refers to the functional group —NO2—, and having the general formulaRNO₂ ⁻, wherein R is an organic moiety or group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “nitroso”refers to the functional group —N═O, and having the general formula RNO,wherein R is an organic moiety or group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “nitro” refersto the functional group —NO2, and having the general formula RNO₂ ⁻,wherein R is an organic moiety or group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “nitrate”refers to the functional group —NO3—, and having the general formulaRNO₃—, wherein R is an organic moiety or group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “null,” refersto a functional group that is absent.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “oxo” refers tothe functional group ═O.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “oxy” or “oxa”refer to the functional group —O—.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “oxyalkyl”refers to a functional group comprising an alkyl group attached to theparent molecular moiety through an oxy group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “oxime” refersto a molecule comprising an imine group (C═N) and having the generalformula RR′C═NOH, wherein R and R′ are organic radicals. An oxime whereR or R′ is a hydrogen is oximine is called an aldoxime, whereas whenboth R and R′ are not hydrogens, the oxime is called a ketooxime.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “thio” and“thia” refer to a functional group having an oxygen atom being replacedby a sulfur atom in the parent molecular moiety. The terms thia and thioinclude a sulfanyl group as well as oxidized derivatives of a sulfanylgroup, such as, e.g., a sulfinyl group and a sulfonyl group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “thioalkyl”refers to a functional group comprising an alkyl group attached to theparent molecular moiety through a thio group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “unsubstituted”refers to a functional group or molecule that has hydrogen atoms atevery position on the parent chain of a hydrocarbon (e.g., —CH₂CH₃).

As used herein, the term “substituted” refers to a functional group ormolecule that has at least one substituent replacing a hydrogen atom ata position on the parent chain of a hydrocarbon. A substituted group maybe fully substituted (e.g., —CF₂CF₃), monosubstituted (e.g., —CH₂CH₂F)or substituted at a level anywhere in between fully substituted andmonosubstituted (e.g., —CH₂CH₂F, —CHFCH₂F, —CH₂ CHF₂, —CHFCHF₂).

As used herein, the term “substituent” refers to an atom or group ofatoms substituted in place of a hydrogen atom on the parent chain of ahydrocarbon. Where substituents are recited without qualification as tosubstitution, both substituted and unsubstituted forms are encompassed.Examples of substituents include, without limitation, acetyl, acyl,acylamino, acyl halide, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino,alkylcarbonyl, alkyloxy, alkyloxo, alkylthio, alkynyl, amidine, amido,amino, aryl, arylamino, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl,arylalkanoyl, aryloxy, arylthio, azide, azo, benzo, carbamyl, carbonyl,carboxyl, carboxamide, carboxamidine, cyanate, cyano, cycloalkenyl,cycloalkyl, diene, cyclodiene, disulfanyl, enone, halide, halogen,haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl,heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, hydrazinyl, hydrogen,hydroperoxide, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, imide, imine, imino, iminohydroxy,isocyanato, isothiocyanato, isocyanate, isocyanide, isothiocyanate,keto, mercaptyl, nitrite, nitroso, nitro, nitrate, oxo, oxy, oxoalkyl,oxyalkyl, oxime, perhaloalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, peroxy, sulfanyl,sulfhydryl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfyl, sulfonamido, thioalkyl,thiocarbony, thiocarbamyl, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, thiocyanato,thioketo, trihalomethanesulfonamido, trihalomethoxy, and all lower formstherein.

As used herein, the term “optionally substituted” refers to a functionalgroup or molecule that may be either substituted or unsubstituted.Different sets of optional substituents to a particular moiety may bedefined as needed; in these cases, the optional substitution will be asdefined, often immediately following the phrase, “optionally substitutedwith.” An optionally substituted group may be unsubstituted (e.g.,—CH₂CH₃), fully substituted (e.g., —CF₂CF₃), monosubstituted (e.g.,—CH₂CH₂F) or substituted at a level anywhere in between fullysubstituted and monosubstituted (e.g., —CH₂CH₂F, —CHFCH₂F, —CH₂ CHF₂,—CHFCHF₂).

Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, a cannabinoid-2agonist. As used herein, the term “cannabinoid-2 receptor agonist” issynonymous with “cannabinoid-2 agonist,” “CB2 receptor agonist,” and“CB2 agonist” and refers to a molecule that binds to a specific receptorand triggers a cellular response that mimics the action of theendogenous ligand. An agonist can elicit a maximal response followingreceptor binding and activation (full agonist), or can elicit asubmaximal response following receptor binding and activation (partialagonist). The term “cannabinoid-2 agonist” includes an isomer, like ageometric isomer or stereoisomer, such as, e.g., an enantiomer ordiasteromer; a salt, an ester, a prodrug, metabolite, or a solvate ofthe cannabinoid-2 inverse-agonists disclosed in the presentspecification. The compounds of formula (I) or formula (III) arecannabinoid-2 agonists.

Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, a cannabinoid-2inverse-agonist. As used herein, the term “cannabinoid-2 receptorinverse-agonist” is synonymous with cannabinoid-2 inverse-agonist,” “CB2receptor inverse-agonist” and CB2 inverse-agonist” and refers to amolecule that binds to a specific receptor and triggers a cellularresponse that produces the opposite action of the endogenous ligand,i.e., an inverse-agonist produces an effect opposite to that of anagonist. An inverse agonist can elicit a maximal opposite responsefollowing receptor binding (full inverse agonist), or can elicit asubmaximal opposite response following receptor binding (partial inverseagonist). The term “cannabinoid-2 inverse-agonist” includes an isomer,like a geometric isomer or stereoisomer, such as, e.g., an enantiomer ordiasteromer; a salt, an ester, a prodrug, metabolite, or a solvate ofthe cannabinoid-2 inverse-agonists disclosed in the presentspecification.

As used herein, the term “compound,” “compounds,” “compound disclosed inthe present specification,” or “compounds disclosed in the presentspecification” refers, unless indicated otherwise, to a compound offormula (I) or formula (III) as hereinbefore defined, polymorphs,prodrugs, and isomers thereof (including optical, geometric andtautomeric isomers) as hereinafter defined and isotopically-labeledcompounds of formula (I) or formula (III). As sued herein, allreferences to a compound of formula (I) or a compound of formula (III)include references to salts and complexes thereof and to solvates andcomplexes of salts thereof.

The compounds disclosed in the present specification can be tested forCB2 receptor agonist activity or CB2 receptor inverse-agonist activityusing a wide variety on known methods. For example, binding assays canbe used to assess whether a compound disclosed in the presentspecification can bind to a CB1 receptor and/or CB2 receptor in order todetermine selectivity for a CB2 receptor. Such binding assays aredescribed in, e.g., Meyyappan Muthuppalaniappan, et al., NovelCannabinoid Receptor Ligands, Pharmaceutical Compositions ContainingThem, and Processes for Their Preparation, U.S. Patent Publication2008/0200501; Timothy C. Gahman, et al., HeterocyclodiazeoineCannabinoid Receptor Modulators for Treatment of Disease, U.S. PatentPublication 2009/0062253; Tomoki Kato, et al., Sulfonyl BenzimidazoleDerivatives, U.S. Patent Publication 2009/0137584; Fina Liotta, et al.,Hexahydro-Cycloheptapyrazole Cannabinoid Modulators, US PatentPublication 2009/0197886; Mingde Xia, et al., Method for Treating CB2Receptor Mediated Pain, U.S. Patent Publication 2009/0215850; and DoriaRiether, et al., Compounds which Modulate the CB2 Receptor, U.S. PatentPublication 2009/0275611; each of which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

As another example, activity assays can be used to assess whether acompound disclosed in the present specification can elicit an agonist orinverse-agonist response in order to determine whether the compound is aCB2 agonist or a CB2 inverse-agonist. Such activity assays are describedin, e.g., Andrew J. Eatherton, et al., Imidazopyridine Derivitives asCannabinoid Receptor Ligands, U.S. Patent Publication 2008/0221097; FinaLiotta, et al., Hexahydro-Cycloheptapyrazole Cannabinoid Modulators, USPatent Publication 2009/0197886; Mingde Xia, et al., Method for TreatingCB2 Receptor Mediated Pain, U.S. Patent Publication 2009/0215850; andDoria Riether, et al., Compounds which Modulate the CB2 Receptor, U.S.Patent Publication 2009/0275611; each of which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

The compounds disclosed in the present specification may be present inthe form of an isomer. As used herein, the term “isomer” refers tocompounds disclosed in the present specification that has the samecomposition and molecular weight but differs in one or more physicaland/or chemical properties. Such isomers have the same number and kindof atoms but differ in structure. The structural difference may be inconstitution (geometric isomers), in an ability to rotate the plane ofpolarized light (stereoisomers), or in the position of a hydrogen atomor proton (tautomeric isomers). The compounds disclosed in the presentspecification can include compounds that form more than one type ofisomerism, or mixtures of one or more thereof. Also included are acidaddition salts wherein the counterion is optically active, for example,D-lactate or L-lysine, or racemic, for example, DL-tartrate orDL-arginine.

As used herein, the term “geometric isomer” refers to isomers thatdiffers in the orientation of substituent atoms in relationship to acarbon-carbon double bond, to a cycloalkyl ring or to a bridged bicyclicsystem. Substituent atoms (other than H) on each side of a carbon-carbondouble bond may be in an E or Z configuration. In the “E” (oppositesided) or “chair” configuration, the substituents are on opposite sidesin relationship to the carbon-carbon double bond. In the “Z” (samesided) or “boat” configuration, the substituents are oriented on thesame side in relationship to the carbon-carbon double bond. Substituentatoms (other than H) attached to a carbocyclic ring may be in a cis ortrans configuration. In the “cis” configuration, the substituents are onthe same side in relationship to the plane of the ring. In the “trans”configuration, the substituents are on opposite sides in relationship tothe plane of the ring. Compounds having a mixture of “cis” and “trans”species are designated “cis/trans.” Substituent atoms (other than H)attached to a bridged bicyclic system may be in an “endo” or “exo”configuration. In the “endo” configuration, the substituents attached toa bridge (not a bridgehead) point toward the larger of the two remainingbridges; in the “exo” configuration, the substituents attached to abridge point toward the smaller of the two remaining bridges.

As used herein, the term “stereoisomer” refers to isomers of identicalconstitution that differs in the arrangement of their atoms in space.Enantiomers, diastereomers and tautomers are stereoisomers wherein anasymmetrically substituted carbon atom acts as a chiral center. As suedherein, the term “chiral” refers to a molecule that is not superposableon its mirror image, implying the absence of an axis and a plane orcenter of symmetry. As used herein, the term “enantiomer” refers to oneof a pair of molecular species that are mirror images of each other andare not superposable. As used herein, the term “diastereomer” refers tostereoisomers that are not related as mirror images. When a compoundcontains, e.g., a keto or oxime group or an aromatic moiety, tautomericisomerism can occur. As used herein, the term “racemate” or “racemicmixture” refers to a compound of equimolar quantities of twoenantiomeric species, wherein the compound is devoid of opticalactivity. As used herein, the term “optical activity” refers to thedegree to which a chiral molecule or nonracemic mixture of chiralmolecules rotates the plane of polarized light. The symbols “R” and “S”represent the configuration of substituents around a chiral carbonatom(s). The symbols “R*” and “S*” denote the relative configurations ofsubstituents around a chiral carbon atom(s). The isomeric descriptors“R,” “R*,” “S,” “S*,” “E,” “Z,” “cis,” “trans,” “exo” and “endo” areused as described herein for indicating atom configuration(s) relativeto a core molecule and are intended to be used as defined in theliterature (IUPAC Recommendations for Fundamental Stereochemistry(Section E), Pure Appl. Chem., 1976, 45:13-30).

As used herein, the term “tautomeric isomer” refers to isomers ofidentical constitution that differs in the arrangement of a hydrogenatom (proton) or reversible anionotropic rearrangements. Tautomericisomers are able to exist in equilibrium and react with each other, andas such, are mutually interconvertible, under normal conditions, forminga mixture that is in dynamic equilibration. In keto-enol tautomerism,the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom in a carbonyl (keto) group(—CH—C═O) moves to the oxygen atom, making it an enol group (—C═C—OH).The keto form predominates in many aldehydes and ketones, the enol formin phenols. Sugars (e.g., glucose) exhibit tautomerism between open(chain) forms and closed (ring) forms.

It is to be understood that the various substituent geometric isomers,stereoisomers, tautomeric isomers, and mixtures thereof used to preparecompounds of the present invention are either commercially available,can be prepared synthetically from commercially available startingmaterials or can be prepared as isomeric mixtures and then obtained asresolved isomers using techniques well-known to those of ordinary skillin the art. See Kato, et al., Sulfonyl Benzimidazole Derivitives, USPatent Publication 2009/0137584, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

The compounds disclosed in the present specification may be present inthe form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. As used herein, the term“a pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to non-toxic acidic/anionicor basic/cationic salt forms of the compounds disclosed in the presentspecification. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acidaddition salts which may, e.g., be formed by mixing a solution of thecompound disclosed in the present specification with a solution of apharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuricacid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoicacid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid or phosphoric acid.

Furthermore when the compounds disclosed in the present specificationcarry an acidic moiety, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof may include alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium or potassium salts;alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium or magnesium salts; and saltsformed with suitable organic ligands, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts.Thus, representative pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, withoutlimitation, acetate, aspirate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, besylate,bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium, camsylate(or camphorsulphonate), carbonate, chloride, citrate, clavulanate,dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, esylate, formate, fumarate,gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, glutamate, hexafluorophosphate,hibenzate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrobromine, hydrochloride,hydroiodide, iodide, isethionate, isothionate, lactate, malate, maleate,malonate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulfate, nitrate, naphthylate,2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, orotate, oxalate, pamoate,palmitate, phosphate/diphosphate/hydrogen phosphate, saccharate,salicylate, stearate, sulfate, succinate, tartrate, tosylate andtrifluoroacetate. See Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties,Selection, and Use, by Stahl and Wermauth (Wiley-VCH, Weinberg, Germany,2002).

The compounds disclosed in the present specification may be present inthe form of an ester. An ester of any of the compounds disclosed in thepresent specification is formed by an alcohol and an organic orinorganic acid to form the corresponding ester and water.

The compounds disclosed in the present specification may be present inthe form of a prodrugs or metabolite. In general, such prodrugs andmetabolites will be functional derivatives of the compounds disclosed inthe present specification that are readily convertible in vivo into anactive compound. As used herein, the term “prodrug” refers apharmaceutically acceptable form of a functional derivative of acompound disclosed in the present specification, wherein the prodrug maybe: 1) a relatively active precursor which converts in vivo to an activeprodrug component; 2) a relatively inactive precursor which converts invivo to an active prodrug component; or 3) a relatively less activecomponent of the compound that contributes to therapeutic biologicalactivity after becoming available in vivo (i.e., as a metabolite).Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitableprodrug derivatives are described in, for example, “Design of prodrugs”,ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985. As used herein, the term “metabolite”refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable form of a metabolic derivativeof a compound disclosed in the present specification, wherein thederivative is a relatively less active component of the compound thatcontributes to therapeutic biological activity after becoming availablein vivo.

The compounds disclosed in the present specification may be present inthe form of an unsolvated or solvated form. As used herein, the term‘solvate’ refers to describe a molecular complex comprising a compounddisclosed in the present specification and one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable solvent molecules, for example, water, ethanol, DMSO, orother organic solvents. When a compound disclosed in the presentspecification forms a solvate with water, the term “hydrate” may be usedinstead of “solvent.” Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates in accordancewith the invention include hydrates and solvates wherein the solvent ofcrystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g., D₂O, d₆-acetone,d₆-DMSO.

Furthermore, compounds of the present invention may have one or morepolymorph or amorphous crystalline forms and as such are intended to beincluded in the scope of the invention. In addition, some of thecompounds may form solvates with water (i.e., hydrates) or commonorganic solvents, and such are also intended to be encompassed withinthe scope of this invention.

In one embodiment, the present specification discloses the compounds offormula I and pharmaceutically acceptable forms thereof:

-   -   wherein R, R₁, R₂, and R₃, are independently H, hydroxyl,        halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkenyl,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted        or optionally substituted oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted thioalkyl, a six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member        heterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl;        and    -   Q is aryl, a substituted aryl, or the ring-structure of formula        II:

-   -   wherein Y is N, O, S or C(R₆R₇); and    -   R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are        independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted oxyalkyl,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a six-member        cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or        a six-member heteroaryl.

In aspects of this embodiment, the present specification discloses thecompounds of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable forms thereof:

-   -   wherein R is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or        OC₁-C₆ alkyl;    -   R₁ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆        alkyl;    -   R₂ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, OC₁-C₆        alkyl, or C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆ alkyl        substituted by OH;    -   R₃ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆        alkyl;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a        six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a        six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; and    -   Q is phenyl, a substituted phenyl, or the ring-structure of        formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇); and    -   R₆, R₇ R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are        independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or        OC₁-C₆ alkyl.

In yet aspects of this embodiment, the present specification disclosesthe compounds of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable formsthereof:

-   -   wherein R is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or        OC₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   R₁ is H, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   R₂ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆        alkyl substituted by OH;    -   R₃ is H, or C₁-C₆ alkyl;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, morpholine, or        piperidine; and    -   Q is the ring-structure of formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇);    -   R₆ and R₇ are independently H or halogen; and    -   R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are independently H or        C₁-C₂ alkyl, provided at least two are not hydrogen.

In still other aspects of this embodiment, the present specificationdiscloses the compounds of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptableforms thereof wherein R₈, R₉, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are methyl; R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂,and R₁₃ are hydrogen; and Y is CH₂. In yet further aspects, the compoundis 5-hydroxy-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,5-Methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,5-Dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,5-Propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,5-Propyloxy-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Bromo-5-propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Bromo-5-(2-dimethylaminoethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Bromo-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethylmethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one, or4-Chloro-5-(2-diethylaminoethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one.

In further aspects of this embodiment, the present specificationdiscloses the compounds of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptableforms thereof include, without limitation, the following:

In another embodiment, the present specification discloses the compoundsof formula III and pharmaceutically acceptable forms thereof:

-   -   wherein X is N, O, S or C(R₄R₅)    -   W is N, O, S, or CH;    -   R₁ and R₂ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a        six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a        six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a        six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a        six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; and    -   Q is phenyl, a substituted phenyl, or the ring-structure of        formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is N, O, S or C(R₆R₇); and    -   R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are        independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted oxyalkyl,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a six-member        cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or        a six-member heteroaryl.

In other aspects of this embodiment, the present specification disclosesthe compounds of formula III and pharmaceutically acceptable formsthereof:

-   -   wherein X is N or CH;    -   W is N or CH;    -   R₁ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆        alkyl;    -   R₂ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, OC₁-C₆        alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆ alkyl        substituted by OH;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a        six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a        six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; and    -   Q is phenyl, a substituted phenyl, or the ring-structure of        formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇); and    -   R₆, R₇ R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are        independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or        OC₁-C₆ alkyl.

In yet other aspects of this embodiment, the present specificationdiscloses the compounds of formula III and pharmaceutically acceptableforms thereof:

-   -   wherein R is H, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   R₁ is H, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   R₂ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆        alkyl substituted by OH;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, morpholine, or        piperidine;    -   X is N or CH;    -   W is N or CH; and    -   Q is the ring-structure of formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇);    -   R₆ and R₇ are independently H or halogen; and    -   R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are independently H or        C₁-C₂ alkyl, provided at least two are not hydrogen.

In still other aspects of this embodiment, the present specificationdiscloses the compounds of formula III and pharmaceutically acceptableforms thereof, wherein R₈, R₉, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are methyl; R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂,and R₁₃ are hydrogen; and Y is CH₂. In yet further aspects of thiscomposition, the compound is 1-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,2-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,1-(2-Morpholin-4-ylethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,2-(2-Morpholin-4-ylethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,1-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,or2-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one.

In further aspects of this embodiment, the present specificationdiscloses the compounds of formula III and pharmaceutically acceptableforms thereof include, without limitation, the following:

In other embodiment, the compounds of formula I or formula III have agreater binding selectiveity for the CB2 receptor relative to the CB1receptor. In aspects of this embodiment, the compounds of formula I orformula III have a binding selectiveity for the CB2 receptor relative tothe CB1 receptor that is, e.g., at least 10-fold greater, at least15-fold greater, at least 20-fold greater, at least 30-fold greater, atleast 40-fold greater, at least 50-fold greater, at least 60-foldgreater, at least 70-fold greater, at least 80-fold greater, at least90-fold greater, at least 100-fold greater, at least 200-fold greater,at least 300-fold greater, at least 400-fold greater, at least 500-foldgreater, at least 600-fold greater, at least 700-fold greater, at least800-fold greater, at least 900-fold greater, or at least 1,000-foldgreater. In other aspects of this embodiment, the compounds of formula Ior formula III have a binding selectiveity for the CB2 receptor relativeto the CB1 receptor that is from, e.g., about 10-fold greater to about100-fold greater, about 10-fold greater to about 500-fold greater, about10-fold greater to about 1,000-fold greater, about 20-fold greater toabout 100-fold greater, about 20-fold greater to about 500-fold greater,about 20-fold greater to about 1,000-fold greater, about 30-fold greaterto about 100-fold greater, about 30-fold greater to about 500-foldgreater, or about 30-fold greater to about 1,000-fold greater.

Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, a compositioncomprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist disclosed in the presentspecification. A composition comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist isgenerally administered to an individual as a pharmaceutical composition.As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” and refers to atherapeutically effective concentration of an active compound, such as,e.g., any of the cannabinoid-2 agonists disclosed in the presentspecification. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition comprising acannabinoid-2 agonist does not produce an adverse, allergic, or otheruntoward or unwanted reaction when administered to an individual. Apharmaceutical composition comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist is usefulfor medical and veterinary applications. A pharmaceutical compositionmay be administered to an individual alone, or in combination with othersupplementary active compounds, agents, drugs or hormones. Thepharmaceutical compositions may be manufactured using any of a varietyof processes, including, without limitation, conventional mixing,dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying,encapsulating, entrapping, and lyophilizing. The pharmaceuticalcomposition can take any of a variety of forms including, withoutlimitation, a sterile solution, suspension, emulsion, lyophilizate,tablet, pill, pellet, capsule, powder, syrup, elixir, or any otherdosage form suitable for administration.

A pharmaceutical composition comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist canoptionally include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thatfacilitates processing of an active ingredient into pharmaceuticallyacceptable compositions. As used herein, the term “pharmacologicallyacceptable carrier” is synonymous with “pharmacological carrier” andrefers to any carrier that has substantially no long term or permanentdetrimental effect when administered and encompasses terms such as“pharmacologically acceptable vehicle, stabilizer, diluent, additive,auxiliary, or excipient.” Such a carrier generally is mixed with anactive compound or permitted to dilute or enclose the active compoundand can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid agent. It is understood thatthe active ingredients can be soluble or can be delivered as asuspension in the desired carrier or diluent. Any of a variety ofpharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be used including, withoutlimitation, aqueous media such as, e.g., water, saline, glycine,hyaluronic acid and the like; solid carriers such as, e.g., starch,magnesium stearate, mannitol, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose,glucose, sucrose, lactose, trehalose, magnesium carbonate, and the like;solvents; dispersion media; coatings; antibacterial and antifungalagents; isotonic and absorption delaying agents; or any other inactiveingredient. Selection of a pharmacologically acceptable carrier candepend on the mode of administration. Except insofar as anypharmacologically acceptable carrier is incompatible with the activeingredient, its use in pharmaceutically acceptable compositions iscontemplated. Non-limiting examples of specific uses of suchpharmaceutical carriers can be found in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms andDrug Delivery Systems (Howard C. Ansel et al., eds., Lippincott Williams& Wilkins Publishers, 7^(th) ed. 1999); Remington: The Science andPractice of Pharmacy (Alfonso R. Gennaro ed., Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, 20^(th) ed. 2000); Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basisof Therapeutics (Joel G. Hardman et al., eds., McGraw-Hill Professional,10^(th) ed. 2001); and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (Raymond C.Rowe et al., APhA Publications, 4^(th) edition 2003). These protocolsare routine and any modifications are well within the scope of oneskilled in the art and from the teaching herein.

A pharmaceutical composition disclosed in the present specification canoptionally include, without limitation, other pharmaceuticallyacceptable components (or pharmaceutical components), including, withoutlimitation, buffers, preservatives, tonicity adjusters, salts,antioxidants, osmolality adjusting agents, physiological substances,pharmacological substances, bulking agents, emulsifying agents, wettingagents, sweetening or flavoring agents, and the like. Various buffersand means for adjusting pH can be used to prepare a pharmaceuticalcomposition disclosed in the present specification, provided that theresulting preparation is pharmaceutically acceptable. Such buffersinclude, without limitation, acetate buffers, borate buffers, citratebuffers, phosphate buffers, neutral buffered saline, and phosphatebuffered saline. It is understood that acids or bases can be used toadjust the pH of a composition as needed. Pharmaceutically acceptableantioxidants include, without limitation, sodium metabisulfite, sodiumthiosulfate, acetylcysteine, butylated hydroxyanisole, and butylatedhydroxytoluene. Useful preservatives include, without limitation,benzalkonium chloride, chlorobutanol, thimerosal, phenylmercuricacetate, phenylmercuric nitrate, a stabilized oxy chloro composition,such as, e.g., PURITE® and chelants, such as, e.g., DTPA orDTPA-bisamide, calcium DTPA, and CaNaDTPA-bisamide. Tonicity adjustorsuseful in a pharmaceutical composition include, without limitation,salts such as, e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride, mannitol orglycerin and other pharmaceutically acceptable tonicity adjustor. Thepharmaceutical composition may be provided as a salt and can be formedwith many acids, including but not limited to, hydrochloric, sulfuric,acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc. Salts tend to be moresoluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents than are the correspondingfree base forms. It is understood that these and other substances knownin the art of pharmacology can be included in a pharmaceuticalcomposition useful in the invention.

Thus, in an embodiment, a composition comprises a cannabinoid-2 agonistdisclosed in the present specification. In an aspect of this embodiment,a pharmaceutical composition comprises a cannabinoid-2 agonist disclosedin the present specification and a pharmacological carrier. In anotheraspect of this embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprises acannabinoid-2 agonist disclosed in the present specification and apharmacological component. In yet another aspect of this embodiment, apharmaceutical composition comprises a cannabinoid-2 agonist disclosedin the present specification, a pharmacological carrier, and apharmacological component. In other aspects of this embodiment, apharmaceutical composition comprises a cannabinoid-2 agonist disclosedin the present specification and at least one pharmacological carrier,at least one pharmaceutical component, or at least one pharmacologicalcarrier and at least one pharmaceutical component. In another aspect ofthis embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprises about 0.001% toabout 5% (w/v) of a cannabinoid-2 agonist, from 0% to 10% (w/v) of apreservative, 0% to 40% (w/v) of a vehicle, 1% to 10% (w/v) of atonicity adjustor, 0.01% to 10% (w/v) of a buffer, q.s. (w/v) of a pHadjustor, an antioxidant as needed, a surfactant as needed, and purifiedwater as needed to make 100%.

As can be demonstrated by the assays described in Example 24, thecompounds disclosed in the present specification are useful inmodulating CB2 receptor function. By virtue of this fact, thesecompounds have therapeutic use in treating disease-states and conditionsmediated by the CB2 receptor function or that would benefit frommodulation of the CB2 receptor function.

Peripherally, CB2 receptors are mostly expressed and function in cellsof the immune system, such as, e.g., T cells, B cells, and macrophages;on cells of the hematopoietic system; and on cells of thegastrointestinal system. R. Mathison, et al., Effects of CannabinoidReceptor-2 Activation on Accelerated Gastrointestinal Transit inLipopolysaccharide-Treated Rats, Br. J. Pharmacol. 142(8): 1247-1254(2004); K. L. Wright, et al., Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors in theGastrointestinal Tract: A Regulatory System in States Of Inflammation,Br. J. Pharmacol. 153(2): 263-270. (2008). CB2 receptors are alsoexpressed and function in keratinocytes and in nocicetive sensoryneurons. In the brain, CB2 receptors are mainly expressed by microglialcells and not neurons. As such, activation of the CB2 receptor inmicroglial has no apparent behavioral or psychotropic effects inanimals. G. A. Cabral, et al., CB2 Receptors in the Brain: Role inCentral Immune Function, Br. J. Pharmacol. 153(2): 240-251 (2008).

The location of CB2 receptors on the surface of immune cells suggests arole for these receptors in immunomodulation and inflammation. G. DiCarlo and A. A. Izzo, Cannabinoids for Gastrointestinal Diseases:Potential Therapeutic Applications, Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 12(1):39-49 (2003); F. Correa, et al., The Role of Cannabinoid System onImmune Modulation: Therapeutic Implications on CNS Inflammation, MiniRev. Med. Chem. 5(7): 671-675 (2005); T. W. Klein, Cannabinoid-BasedDrugs as Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics, Nat Rev Immunol. 5(5): 400-411(2005); F. Massa and K. Monory, Endocannabinoids and theGastrointestinal Tract, J. Endocrinol. Invest. 29(3 Suppl): 47-57(2006); T. W. Klein and G. A. Cabral, Cannabinoid-Induced ImmuneSuppression and Modulation of Antigen-Presenting Cells, J. NeuroimmunePharmacol. 1(1): 50-64 (2006); J. C., Ashton, Cannabinoids for theTreatment of Inflammation, Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs. 8(5): 373-384(2007); D. Baker, et al., Cannabinoid Control of NeuroinflammationRelated to Multiple Sclerosis, Br. J. Pharmacol. 152(5): 649-654 (2007);F. Correa, et al., Cannabinoid System and Neuroinflammation:Implications For Multiple Sclerosis, Neuroimmunomodulation 14(3-4):182-187 (2007); D. Centonze, et al., The Endocannabinoid System inPeripheral Lymphocytes as a Mirror of Neuroinflammatory Diseases, Curr.Pharm. Des. 14(23): 2370-2342 (2008); and K. L. Wright, et al.,Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors in the Gastrointestinal Tract: A RegulatorySystem in States of Inflammation, Br. J. Pharmacol. 153(2): 263-270(2008). Inflammation refers to the actual tissue response (edema,erythema, etc) to a noxious stimulus. Neurogenic inflammation refers tothe fact that this tissue response is initiated and/or maintainedthrough the release of inflammatory mediators from peripheral sensorynerve terminals (i.e., an efferent function, in contrast to the normalafferent signaling to the spinal cord in these nerves). Analysis of theCB2 knockout mouse has corroborated the evidence for the function of CB2receptors in modulating the immune system. CB2 receptors do not affectimmune cell development and differentiation as determined by FACSanalysis of cells from the spleen, lymph node and thymus from CB2knockout mice, but rather mediates the suppressive effect ofcannabinoids. Therefore, compounds that selectively interact with CB2receptors offer a unique pharmacotherapy for the treatment of immune andinflammatory disorders. For example, such compounds could be effectivein the treatment of autoimmune diseases including but not limited tomultiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus,myasthenia gravis, diabetes mellitus type I, inflammatory bowel diseaseor irritable bowel syndrome, psoriasis and other immune relateddisorders including but not limited to tissue rejection in organtransplants, malabsorption syndromes such as celiac disease, pulmonarydiseases such as asthma and Sjogren's syndrome.

CB2 receptor agonists are effective in the treatment of acute andchronic pain, including inflammatory pain, nociceptive pain, andneuropathic pain, without causing the adverse side-effects associatedwith CB1 receptor activation. J. M. Walker and A. G. Hohmann,Cannabinoid Mechanisms of Pain Suppression, Handb Exp Pharmacol. 168:509-554 (2005); Y. Cheng and S. A. Hitchcock, Targeting CannabinoidAgonists for Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain, Expert Opin. Investig.Drugs 16(7): 951-965 (2007); M. D. Jhaveri, et al., Cannabinoid CB2Receptor-Mediated Anti-Nociception in Models of Acute and Chronic Pain,Mol. Neurobiol. 36(1): 26-35 (2007); G. T. Whiteside, et al., The Roleof the Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor in Pain Transmission and TherapeuticPotential of Small Molecule CB2 Receptor Agonists, Curr. Med. Chem.14(8): 917-936 (2007); J. Guindon and A. G. Hohmann, Cannabinoid CB2Receptors: A Therapeutic Target For the Treatment of Inflammatory andNeuropathic Pain, Br. J. Pharmacol. 153(2): 319-334 (2008); and M.Beltramo, Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor as a Target For Chronic Pain, MiniRev Med. Chem. 9(1): 11-25 (2009). Activation of peripheral CB2receptors is sufficient to normalize nociceptive thresholds and produceantinociception in persistent pain states. A. G. Hohmann, et al., A,Selective Activation of Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors SuppressesHyperalgesia Evoked by Intradermal Capsaicin, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,308(2): 446-453 (2004). For example, the CB2 receptor-selective compoundAM1241 has been shown to be active in several animal models of acute andchronic inflammatory pain, including spinal nerve ligation, acutethermal nociceptive pain, carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia andintradermal capsaicin-evoked hyperalgesia. T. P. Malan, Jr., et al., CB2Cannabinoid Receptor-Mediated Peripheral Antinociception, Pain, 93(3):239-245 (2001); M. M. Ibrahim, et al., Activation of CB2 CannabinoidReceptors by AM1241 Inhibits Experimental Neuropathic Pain: PainInhibition by Receptors Not Present in the CNS, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 100: 10529-10533 (2003); A. Quartilho, et al., Inhibition ofInflammatory Hyperalgesia by Activation of Peripheral C82 CannabinoidReceptors, Anesthesiology, 99(4): 955-960 (2003); A. G. Nackley, et al.,Selective Activation of Cannabinoid C82 Receptors Suppresses Spinal FosProtein Expression and Pain Behavior in a Rat Model of Inflammation,Neurosci. 119(3): 747-757 (2003); Hohmann et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp.Ther.: 308, 446-53 (2004); M. M. Ibrahim, et al., C82 CannabinoidReceptor Mediation of Antinociception, Pain 122(1-2): 36-42 (2006); J.R. Ineck, Cannabinoid Analgesia as a Potential New Therapeutic Option inthe Treatment of Chronic Pain, Ann. Pharmacother., 40(2): 251-260(2006); T. Gutierrez, et al., Activation of Peripheral Cannabinoid CB1and CB2 Receptors Suppresses the Maintenance of InflammatoryNociception: A Comparative Analysis, Br. J. Pharmacol., 150(2): 153-163(2007). The CB2 receptor-selective partial agonist GW405833 has alsobeen shown to be efficacious in inflammatory, neuropathic, and surgicalmodels of pain. Valenzano et al., Neuropharmacology 48:658-72 (2005).Activation of the CB2 receptor produces antinociception followingsurgical incision, suggesting that selective cannabinoid CB2 receptoragonists might be useful in the management of postoperative pain. C. J.LaBuda, et al., Cannabinoid C82 Receptor Agonist Activity in the HindpawIncision, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 527(1-3): 172-174 (2005). A recent studyrevealed that oral delivery of Lactobacillus acidophilus induced theexpression of CB2 receptors in the intestinal epithelium suggesting thatCB2 receptor modulators may be useful for the treatment of abdominalpain associated with gastrointestinal diseases such as irritable bowelsyndrome. Rousseaux et al., Nat. Med. 13: 35-37 (2007). Therefore,compounds that selectively target CB2 receptors represent an attractiveapproach for the development of novel pain treatments. The pain may besomatogenic (either nociceptive or neuropathic), acute and/or chronic.

CB2 receptors are expressed in osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclastsand their signaling plays a key role in the maintenance of bone mass. I.A. Bab, Regulation of Skeletal Remodeling by the Endocannabinoid System,Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1116: 414-422 (2007); I. Bab and A. Zimmer,Cannabinoid Receptors and the Regulation of Bone Mass, Br. J. Pharmacol.153(2): 182-188 (2008). For example, CB2 receptor agonists enhanceendocortical osteoblast number and activity while restraining trabecularosteoclastogenesis. Another important effect is that CB2 receptoragonists attenuate ovariectomy-induced bone loss while increasingcortical thickness. For example, the CB2-selective agonist HU-308mitigates ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice. O. Ofek, et al.,Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor, C82, Regulates Bone Mass, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (3): 696-701 (2006); and A. I. Idris, et al.,Regulation of Bone Mass, Osteoclast Function, and Ovariectomy-InducedBone Loss by the Type 2 Cannabinoid Receptor, Endocrinology, 149(11):5619-5626 (2008). Consistent with this study, CB2 knockout mice wereshown to have reduced bone mass. These findings suggest that modulationof CB2 receptor function offers a potential molecular target for thediagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis.

Recent studies have shown that CB2 modulators may be of benefit for thetreatment of liver diseases such as liver fibrosis, ischemia-reperfusioninjury, hepatic encephalopathy and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). A. Mallat and S. A. Lotersztajn, Cannabinoid Receptors asTherapeutic Targets in the Management of Liver Diseases, Drug NewsPerspect. 21(7): 363-368 (2008); S. A, Lotersztajn, et al., CB2Receptors as New Therapeutic Targets For Liver Diseases, Br. J.Pharmacol. 153(2): 286-289 (2008); Parfieniuk and R. Flisiak, Role ofCannabinoids in Chronic Liver Diseases, World Gastroenterol. 14(40):6109-6114 (2008). Liver fibrosis is driven by chronic liver injury andultimately leads to the development of cirrhosis. CB2 receptors areexpressed in hepatocytes derived from individuals diagnosed with NAFLDbut not from normal liver samples. Mendez-Sanchez, et al., Liver Int.27(2): 215-219 (2007). Expression of CB2 has also been shown to behighly upregulated in myofibroblasts isolated from cirrhotic humanlivers. B. Julien, et al., Antifibrogenic Role of the CannabinoidReceptor CB2 in the Liver, Gastroenterology 128: 742-755 (2006). In amouse model of liver fibrosis, CB2 receptor knockout animals displayed asignificantly enhanced fibrotic phenotype as compared to wild typecontrols. S. Lotersztajn, et al., CB2 Receptors as New TherapeuticTargets For Liver Diseases, Br. J. Pharmacol. 153(2): 286-289 (2008).Interestingly, treatment of liver myofibroblasts with a CB2 receptoragonist results in inhibition of cell growth and triggers apoptosis. B.Julien, et al., Antifibrogenic Role of the Cannabinoid Receptor CB2 inthe Liver Gastroenterology 128: 742-755 (2006). Thus, activation of CB2may limit fibrosis by interfering with the growth of liver fibrogeniccells. Taken together, these data suggest that CB2 receptor-selectiveagonists hold promise as therapeutics for a range of liver diseases.

CB2 receptor agonists are of potential benefit for the treatment ofatherosclerosis. S. Steffens and F. Mach F, Cannabinoid Receptors inAtherosclerosis, Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 17(5): 519-526 (2006); F. Mach andS. Steffens, The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Atherosclerosis,J. Neuroendocrinol. Suppl 1: 53-57 (2008); F. Mach, et al., CannabinoidReceptors in Acute and Chronic Complications of Atherosclerosis, Br. J.Pharmacol. 153(2): 290-298 (2008). Low dose treatment of apoE knockoutmice with a cannabinoid has been shown to reduce atherosclerosisprogression. Furthermore, these effects are abrogated by treatment witha CB2 receptor-selective antagonist. S. Steffens et al., Low Dose OralCannabinoid Therapy Reduces Progression of Atherosclerosis in Mice,Nature. 434(7034): 782-786 (2005).

The role of CB2 receptors in the brain may have possible therapeuticuses in the treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders,such as, e.g., Alzheimer's disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, andHuntington's disease. J. L. Croxford, Therapeutic Potential ofCannabinoids in CNS Disease, CNS Drugs. 17(3):179-202 (2003); C. Benito,et al., Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors and Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase areSelectively Overexpressed in Neuritic Plaque-Associated Glia inAlzheimer's Disease Brains, J. Neurosci. 23 (35): 11136-1141 (2003); A.Alsasua del Valle A, Implication of Cannabinoids in NeurologicalDiseases, Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 26(4-6): 579-591 (2006); J. C. Ashton andM. Glass, The Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor as a Target forInflammation-Dependent Neurodegeneration, Curr Neuropharmacol 5(2):73-80 (2007); V. Micale, et al., Endocannabinoids and NeurodegenerativeDiseases, Pharmacol Res. 56(5): 382-392 (2007); D. Baker and G. Pryce,The Endocannabinoid System and Multiple Sclerosis, Curr Pharm Des.14(23): 2326-2336 (2008); L. G. Bilsland and L. Greensmith, TheEndocannabinoid System in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Curr Pharm Des.14(23): 2306-2316 (2008); M. R. Pazos, et al., The EndocannabinoidSystem in Huntington's Disease, Curr. Pharm. Des. 14(23): 2317-2325(2008); and B. S. Basavarajappa, et al., Endocannabinoid System:Emerging Role from Neurodevelopment to Neurodegeneration, Mini Rev Med.Chem. 9(4): 448-462 (2009). In addition, modulation of CB2 receptoractivity may be important in disorders, such as, e.g., depression anddrug addiction. J. Manzanares, et al., Role of Endocannabinoid System inMental Diseases, Neurotox Res. 6(3): 213-224 (2004); and E. S. Onaivi,et al., Discovery of the Presence and Functional Expression ofCannabinoid CB2 Receptors in Brain, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1074: 514-536(2006).

CB2 receptor agonists also provide neuroprotective effects. D.Lamontagne, et al., The Endogenous Cardiac Cannabinoid System: a NewProtective Mechanism Against Myocardial Ischemia, Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss.99(3): 242-246 (2006); E. de Lago and J. Fernandez-Ruiz, Cannabinoidsand Neuroprotection in Motor-Related Disorders, CNS Neurol. Disord. DrugTargets 6(6): 377-387 (2007); J. MartInez-Orgado, et al., The Seek ofNeuroprotection: Introducing Cannabinoids, Recent Pat. CNS Drug Discov.2(2): 131-139 (2007); O, Sagredo, et al., Cannabinoids andNeuroprotection in Basal Ganglia Disorders, Mol. Neurobiol. 36(1): 82-91(2007); J. L. Croxford, et al., Cannabinoid-Mediated Neuroprotection,Not Immunosuppression, May be More Relevant to Multiple Sclerosis, J.Neuroimmunol. 193(1-2): 120-129 (2008); J. Fernandez-Ruiz, et al., Roleof CB2 Receptors in Neuroprotective Effects of Cannabinoids, Mol. Cell.Endocrinol. 286(1-2 Suppl 1): S91-S96) (2008); P. Pacher and G. Haskó G,Endocannabinoids and Cannabinoid Receptors in Ischaemia-ReperfusionInjury and Preconditioning, Br. J. Pharmacol. 153(2): 252-262 (2008); S.Yazulla S, Endocannabinoids in the Retina: from Marijuana toNeuroprotection, Prog Retin Eye Res. 27(5): 501-526 (2008); and D. DeFilippis, et al., Differential Cannabinoid Receptor Expression DuringReactive Gliosis: A Possible Implication for a NonpsychotropicNeuroprotection, Scientific World Journal 9: 229-235 (2009).

Besides the general neuroprotective effect, CB2 receptor agonists canalso treat more specific pathophysiological response to such diseases.Thus, for example, evidence for the tonic control of spasticity by theendocannabinoid system suggests that CB2 receptor agonists may help inthe treatment of muscle spasm and tremor in multiple sclerosis, inaddition to the possible moderation of the disease by immuno-modulationthrough an action on CB2 receptors expressed by immune cells. D. Baker,et al., Cannabinoids Control Spasticity and Tremor in a MultipleSclerosis Model, Nature 404(6773) 84-87 (2000); P. F. Smith,Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Pain and Spasticity in MultipleSclerosis, Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 3(6): 859-864 (2002); D. Bakerand G. Pryce, The Endocannabinoid System and Multiple Sclerosis, Curr.Pharm. Des. 14(23): 2326-2336 (2008); and J. Fernández-Ruiz, TheEndocannabinoid System as a Target for the Treatment of MotorDysfunction, Br. J. Pharmacol. 156(7): 1029-1040 (2009).

Certain tumors, especially gliomas, express CB2 receptors, and twonon-selective cannabinoid agonists induce the regression or eradicationof malignant brain tumors in rats and mice. In addition, cells of theimmune system express high levels of CB2 receptors which are involved inthe induction of apoptosis in normal or transformed immune cells.Similarly, studies have shown that the CB2 receptor plays a veryimportant role in the stimulation of growth of several, if not all,hematopoietic lineages. P. Valk et al., Anandamide, A Natural Ligand forthe Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor is a Novel Synergistic Growth Factorfor Hematopoietic Cells, Blood, 90(4): 1448-1457 (1997); P. J. Valk andR. Delwel, The Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor, C82, inRetrovirally-Induced Leukemic Transformation and Normal Hematopoiesis,Leuk. Lymphoma. 32(1-2): 29-43 (1998); J. M. Derocq, et al., Genomic andFunctional Changes Induced by the Activation of the PeripheralCannabinoid Receptor C82 in the Promyelocytic Cells HL-60. PossibleInvolvement of the C82 Receptor in Cell Differentiation, J. Biol. Chem.275(21): 15621-15628 (2000). By using both murine and human leukemia andlymphoma lines as well as primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)cells it has been shown that ligation of CB2 receptors can induceapoptosis in a wide range of cancers of immune-cell origin. L. C.Nagarkatti, et al., Treatment of Neoplasia, U.S. Patent Publication2004/0259936, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Furthermore,TEC can inhibit the growth of murine lymphoma cells in vivo by inducingapoptosis and, in test experiments, completely cure approximately 25% ofthe mice bearing that tumor. This data suggest that CB2 receptoragonists constitute a novel and effective modality to treat malignanciesof the immune and hematopoietic systems.

Recent studies have intriguingly suggested the existence of a functionalendocannabinoid signaling system in the skin and implicated it invarious biological processes, such as, e.g., proliferation, growth,differentiation, apoptosis and cytokine, mediator or hormone productionof various cell types of the skin and appendages, such as the hairfollicle and sebaceous gland. The main physiological function of thecutaneous endocannabinoid signaling is to constitutively control properproliferation, differentiation and survival, as well as immunecompetence and/or tolerance, of skin cells. The disruption of thisdelicate balance might facilitate the development of multiplepathological conditions and diseases of the skin, such as, e.g., acne,seborrhea, allergic dermatitis, itch and pain, psoriasis, hair growthdisorders, systemic sclerosis and cancer. T. Bíró, et al., TheEndocannabinoid System of the Skin in Health and Disease: NovelPerspectives and Therapeutic Opportunities, Trends Pharmacol Sci.30(8):411-420 (2009).

As used herein, the term “a CB2 receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, ordisease” refers to any syndrome, disorder, or disease associated with abiological response mediated by a CB2 receptor such that there isdiscomfort or decreased life expectancy to the organism. CB2 receptormediated diseases can occur in both animals and humans and include 1) anappetite related syndrome, disorder or disease; 2) a metabolism relatedsyndrome, disorder or disease; 3) a diabetes related syndrome, disorderor disease; 4) an eye related syndrome, disorder or disease; 5) a socialor mood related syndrome, disorder or disease; 6) a seizure relatedsyndrome, disorder or disease; 7) a substance abuse related syndrome,disorder or disease; 8) a learning, cognition or memory relatedsyndrome, disorder or disease; 9) an organ related syndrome, disorder ordisease; 10) a vascular related syndrome, disorder or disease; 11) adermatological related syndrome, disorder or disease; 12) a muscle spasmsyndrome, disorder or disease; 13) a gastrointestinal related syndrome,disorder or disease; 14) a respiratory related syndrome, disorder ordisease; 15) a locomotor activity or movement syndrome, disorder ordisease; 16) a neurological or neurodegenerative related syndrome,disorder or disease; 17) hypreproliferative related syndrome, disorderor disease; 18) immune or inflammation related syndrome, disorder ordisease; and 19) pain related syndrome, disorder or disease.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is an appetite relatedsyndrome, disorder, or disease. Such appetite related syndromes,disorders or diseases include, without limitation, obesity, overweightcondition, anorexia, bulimia, cachexia, dysregulated appetite, and thelike. Obesity related syndromes, disorders or diseases include obesityas a result of genetics, diet, food intake volume, metabolic syndrome,disorder or disease, hypothalmic disorder or disease, age, reducedactivity, abnormal adipose mass distribution, abnormal adiposecompartment distribution, and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a metabolism relatedsyndrome, disorder, or disease. Such metabolism related syndromes,disorders or diseases include, without limitation, metabolic syndrome,dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, diabetes, insulin sensitivity orresistance, hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemias,hypertriglyceridemias, atherosclerosis, hepatomegaly, steatosis,abnormal alanine aminotransferase levels, inflammation, atherosclerosis,and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a diabetes relatedsyndrome, disorder, or disease. Such diabetes related syndromes,disorders or diseases include, without limitation, glucosedysregulation, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance,hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is an eye relatedsyndrome, disorder, or disease. Such eye related syndromes, disorders ordiseases include, without limitation, abnormal intraocular pressure,allergic keratitis, uveitis, or iritis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis,neuritis nervi optici, choroiditis, glaucoma and sympathetic ophthalmia,and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a social or moodrelated syndrome, disorder, or disease. Such social or mood relatedsyndromes, disorders or diseases include, without limitation,depression, anxiety, psychosis, social affective disorders or cognitivedisorders, and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a substance abuserelated syndrome, disorder, or disease. Such substance abuse relatedsyndromes, disorders or diseases include, without limitation, drugabuse, drug withdrawal, alcohol abuse, alcohol withdrawal, nicotinewithdrawal, cocaine abuse, cocaine withdrawal, heroin abuse, heroinwithdrawal, and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a learning,cognition or memory related syndrome, disorder, or disease. Suchlearning, cognition or memory related syndromes, disorders or diseasesinclude, without limitation, memory loss or impairment as a result ofage, disease, side effects of medications (adverse events), and thelike.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is an organ relatedsyndrome, disorder, or disease. Such organ related syndromes, disordersor diseases include, without limitation, renal syndromes, disorders ordiseases, such as, e.g., nephrotic syndrome; and all types of nephritis,e.g., glomerulonephritis; pancreatits; hepatic syndromes, disorders ordiseases, such as, e.g., acute liver cell disintegration; acutehepatitis of various genesis, e.g., viral, toxic, drug-induced; andchronically aggressive and/or chronically intermittent hepatitis;endocrine syndromes, disorders or diseases, such as, e.g., endocrineopthalmopathy, endocrine orbitopathia, thyrotoxic crisis, Thyroiditis deQuervain, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Morbus Basedow, granulomatousthyroiditis, struma lymphomatosa, and Graves disease, type I diabetes(insulin-dependent diabetes); organ and tissue transplantations andgraft-versus-host diseases; and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a vascular relatedsyndrome, disorder, or disease. Such vascular related syndromes,disorders or diseases include, without limitation, panarteritis nodosa,polyarteritis nodosa, periarteritis nodosa, arteritis temporalis, Wegnergranulomatosis, giant cell arthritis, atherosclerosis, reperfusioninjury, erythema nodosum, and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a dermatologicalrelated syndrome, disorder, or disease. Such dermatological relatedsyndromes, disorders or diseases include, without limitation,dermatitis, psoriasis; sunburn, burns, eczema, and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a muscle spasmrelated syndrome, disorder, or disease. Such muscle spasm relatedsyndromes, disorders or diseases include, without limitation, multiplesclerosis, cerebral palsy, and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a gastrointestinalrelated syndrome, disorder, or disease. Such gastrointestinal relatedsyndromes, disorders or diseases include, without limitation, boweldysmotility associated disorders (either accompanied by pain, diarrheaor constipation or without), irritable bowel syndrome and other forms ofbowel dysmotility, inflammatory bowel diseases, regional enteritis(Crohns disease), ulcerative colitis, gastritis, aphthous ulcer, celiacdisease, regional ileitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and thelike.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a respiratoryrelated syndrome, disorder, or disease. Such respiratory relatedsyndromes, disorders or diseases include, without limitation, asthma,bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, emphysema, adult respiratory distresssyndrome (ARDS), pigeon fanciers disease, farmers lung, chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma including allergic asthma(atopic or non-atopic) as well as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction,occupational asthma, viral- or bacterial exacerbation of asthma, othernon-allergic asthmas and “wheezy-infant syndrome”, pneumoconiosis,including aluminosis, anthracosis, asbestosis, chalicosis, ptilosis,siderosis, silicosis, tabacosis, byssinosis and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a locomotor activityand movement related syndrome, disorder, or disease. Such locomotoractivity and movement related syndromes, disorders or diseases include,without limitation, stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis,epilepsy, and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a neurological orneurodegenerative related syndrome, disorder, or disease. Suchneurological or neurodegenerative related syndromes, disorders ordiseases include, without limitation, brain edema and inflammation,particularly tumor-related brain edema; multiple sclerosis; acuteencephalomyelitis; meningitis; acute spinal cord injury; trauma;ischemia or secondary biochemical injury collateral to traumatic head orbrain injury; epilepsy; dementia, particularly degenerative dementia(including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease andCreutzfeldt-Jacob disease; Huntington's chorea, Pick's disease; motorneuron disease), vascular dementia (including multi-infarct dementia) aswell as dementia associated with intracranial space occupying lesions;infections and related conditions (including HIV infection),Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, stroke, various forms ofseizures, e.g., nodding spasms, neuroprotection, such as, e.g., in thetreatment of neurodegeneration following stroke, cardiac arrest,pulmonary bypass, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and thelike.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a hypreproliferativerelated syndrome, disorder, or disease. Such hypreproliferative relatedsyndromes, disorders or diseases include, without limitation, multiplemyeloma, acute and chronic leukemias including acute lymphocyticleukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronicmyelogenous leukemia (CLL), lymphomas, including Hodgkin's lymphoma andnon-Hodgkin's lymphoma (low, intermediate, and high grade),lymphogranulomatoses, lymphosarcoma, adenomatous polyps, such as, e.g.,familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), as well as solid tumors andmalignancies of the brain, head and neck, breast, lung, reproductivetract, upper digestive tract, pancreas, liver, renal, bladder, prostate,colorectal and skin (including melanomas), and the like.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is an immune orinflammation related syndrome, disorder, or disease. Such immune orinflammation related syndromes, disorders or diseases include, withoutlimitation, allergic related syndromes, disorders or diseases andchronic neurogenic inflammation related syndromes, disorders ordiseases. An allergic related syndrome, disorder, or disease includes,e.g., all forms of allergic reactions, such as, e.g., angioneuroticedema, hay fever, insect bites, allergic reactions to drugs, bloodderivatives, contrast agents, etc., anaphylactic shock (anaphylaxis),urticaria, angioneurotic edema, and contact dermatitis.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is a chronic neurogenicinflammation related syndromes, disorders or diseases. As used herein,the term “chronic neurogenic inflammation related syndrome, disorder ordisease” means an inflammatory response having pathophysiology effectswhere at least one of the underlying symptoms being treated is due to aCB2 receptor function etiology. Chronic neurogenic inflammation includesboth primary neurogenic inflammation and secondary neurogenicinflammation. As used herein, the term “primary” neurogenic inflammationrefers to tissue inflammation (inflammatory symptoms) that is initiatedby, or results from, the release of substances from primary sensorynerve terminals (such as C and A-delta fibers). As used herein, the term“secondary” neurogenic inflammation” refers to tissue inflammationinitiated by non-neuronal sources (e.g., extravasation from vascular bedor tissue interstitium-derived, such as from mast cells or immune cells)of inflammatory mediators, such as peptides or cytokines, stimulatingsensory nerve terminals and causing a release of inflammatory mediatorsfrom the nerves. These nerve-derived inflammatory mediators can, inturn, stimulate the sensory nerves as well as acting on non-neuronaltargets (e.g., mast cells). The net effect of both forms (primary andsecondary) of neurogenic inflammation is to have an inflammatory statethat is maintained by the sensitization of the peripheral sensory nervefibers. The physiological consequence of the resulting neurogenicinflammation depends on the tissue in question, producing, such as,e.g., cutaneous pain (allodynia, hyperalgesia), joint arthritis,visceral pain and dysfunction, pulmonary dysfunction (asthma, COPD), andbladder dysfunction (pain, overactive bladder).

Chronic neurogenic inflammation symptoms include, without limitation,edema, hyperemia, erythema, bruising, tenderness, stiffness,swollenness, fever, chills, stuffy nose, stuffy head, breathingproblems, fluid retention, blood clots, loss of appetite, increasedheart rate, formation of granulomas, fibrinous, pus, non-viscous serousfluid, or ulcer and pain. The actual symptoms associated with a chronicneurogenic inflammation are well known and can be determined by a personof ordinary skill in the art by taking into account factors, including,without limitation, the location of the neurogenic inflammation, thecause of the neurogenic inflammation, the severity of the neurogenicinflammation, the tissue or organ affected, and the associated disorder.

A chronic neurogenic inflammation symptom can be associated with alarge, unrelated group of disorders which underly a variety of humandiseases. Non-limiting examples of disorders exhibiting chronicneurogenic inflammation as a symptom include, without limitation, acne,acid reflux/heartburn, Alzheimer's disease, appendicitis, arteritis,arthritis, asthma. atherosclerosis, autoimmune disorders, balanitis,blepharitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, bursitis, cancer, carditis,celiac disease, cellulitis, cervicitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis,chorioamnionitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),cirrhosis, colitis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, common cold,dacryoadenitis, dementia, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, emphysema,encephalitis, endocarditis, endometritis, enteritis, enterocolitis,epicondylitis, epididymitis, fasciitis, fibrositis, gastritis,gastroenteritis, gingivitis, glomerulonephritis, glossitis, heartdisease, hepatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, high blood pressure,ileitis, an inflammatory neuropathy, insulin resistance, interstitialcystitis, iritis, ischemic heart disease, keratitis,keratoconjunctivitis, laryngitis, mastitis, mastoiditis, meningitis,metabolic syndrome (syndrome X), a migraine, myelitis, myocarditis,myositis, nephritis, obesity, omphalitis, oophoritis, orchitis,osteochondritis, osteopenia, osteoporosis, osteitis, otitis,pancreatitis, Parkinson's disease, parotitis, a pelvic inflammatorydisease, pericarditis, peritonitis, pharyngitis, phlebitis, pleuritis,pneumonitis, proctitis, prostatitis, pulpitis, pyelonephritis,pylephlebitis, rheumatic fever, rhinitis, salpingitis, sialadenitis,sinusitis, spastic colon, stomatitis, synovitis, tendonitis, tendinosis,tenosynovitis, thrombophlebitis, tonsillitis, trigonitis, a tumor,urethritis, uveitis, vaginitis, vasculitis, and vulvitis. See also, EricR. First, Application of Botulinum Toxin to the Management of NeurogenicInflammatory Disorders, U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,768, which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

One type of disorder exhibiting a symptom of chronic neurogenicinflammation is an arthritis. Arthritis includes a group of conditionsinvolving damage to the joints of the body due to the inflammation ofthe synovium including, without limitation osteoarthritis, rheumatoidarthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, spondyloarthropathies likeankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome),psoriatic arthritis, enteropathic arthritis associated with inflammatorybowel disease, Whipple disease and Behcet disease, septic arthritis,gout (also known as gouty arthritis, crystal synovitis, metabolicarthritis), pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease), andStill's disease. Arthritis can affect a single joint (monoarthritis),two to four joints (oligoarthritis) or five or more joints(polyarthritis) and can be either an auto-immune disease or anon-autoimmune disease.

Another type of disorder exhibiting a symptom of chronic neurogenicinflammation are autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune diseases can bebroadly divided into systemic and organ-specific autoimmune disorders,depending on the principal clinico-pathologic features of each disease.Systemic autoimmune diseases include, without limitation, systemic lupuserythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome, Scleroderma, rheumatoidarthritis and polymyositis. Local autoimmune diseases may beendocrinologic (Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Hashimoto's thyroiditis,Addison's disease etc.), dermatologic (pemphigus vulgaris), hematologic(autoimmune haemolytic anemia), neural (multiple sclerosis) or caninvolve virtually any circumscribed mass of body tissue. Types ofautoimmune disorders include, without limitation, acute disseminatedencephalomyelitis (ADEM), Addison's disease, an allergy or sensitivity,anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), arthritis, autoimmunehemolytic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune inner ear disease,bullous pemphigoid, celiac disease, Chagas disease, chronic obstructivepulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes mellitus type 1 (IDDM),endometriosis, fibromyalgia, Goodpasture's syndrome, Graves' disease,Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hidradenitissuppurative, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, inflammatory boweldisease, interstitial cystitis, lupus (including discoid lupuserythematosus, drug-induced lupus erythematosus. lupus nephritis,neonatal lupus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and systemiclupus erythematosus), morphea, multiple sclerosis (MS), myastheniagravis, myopathies, narcolepsy, neuromyotonia, pemphigus vulgaris,pernicious anaemia, primary biliary cirrhosis, recurrent disseminatedencephalomyelitis (multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis),rheumatic fever, schizophrenia, scleroderma, Sjögren's syndrome,tenosynovitis, vasculitis, and vitiligo. See Pamela D. Van Schaack &Kenneth L. Tong, Treatment of Autoimmune Disorder with a Neurotoxin,U.S. Patent Publication 2006/138059, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

Another type of disorder exhibiting a symptom of chronic neurogenicinflammation is an inflammatory myopathy. Inflammatory myopathies arecaused by problems with the immune system attacking components of themuscle, leading to signs of inflammation in the muscle Inflammatorymyopathies include, without limitation, dermatomyositis, inclusion bodymyositis, and polymyositis.

Another type of disorder exhibiting a symptom of chronic neurogenicinflammation is a vasculitis. Vasculitis is a varied group of disordersfeaturing inflammation of a vessel wall including lymphatic vessels andblood vessels like veins (phlebitis), arteries (arteritis) andcapillaries due to leukocyte migration and resultant damage. Theinflammation may affect any size blood vessel, anywhere in the body. Itmay affect either arteries and/or veins. The inflammation may be focal,meaning that it affects a single location within a vessel; or it may bewidespread, with areas of inflammation scattered throughout a particularorgan or tissue, or even affecting more than one organ system in thebody. Vasculitis include, without limitation, Buerger's disease(thromboangiitis obliterans), cerebral vasculitis (central nervoussystem vasculitis), Churg-Strauss arteritis, cryoglobulinemia, essentialcryoglobulinemic vasculitis, giant cell (temporal) arteritis, Golfersvasculitis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, hypersensitivity vasculitis(allergic vasculitis), Kawasaki disease, microscopicpolyarteritis/polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyalgia rheumatica(PMR), rheumatoid vasculitis, Takayasu arteritis, Wegener'sgranulomatosis, and vasculitis secondary to connective tissue disorderslike systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA),relapsing polychondritis, Behget's disease, or other connective tissuedisorders, vasculitis secondary to viral infection.

Another type of disorder exhibiting a symptom of chronic neurogenicinflammation is a skin disorder. Skin disorders include, withoutlimitation, a dermatitis, including chronic actinic dermatitis, aneczema like atopic eczema, contact eczema, xerotic eczema, seborrhoeicdermatitis, dyshidrosis, discoid eczema, venous eczema, dermatitisherpetiformis, neurodermatitis, and autoeczematization, and statisdermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, psoriasis including plaqurepsoriasis, nail psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, scalp psoriasis, inversepsoriasis, pustular psoriasis, and erythrodermis psoriasis, rosacea andscleroderma including morphea.

Another type of disorder exhibiting a symptom of chronic neurogenicinflammation is a gastrointestinal disorder. A gastrointestinal disorderincludes, without limitation, irritable bowel disease, an inflammatorybowel disease including Crohn's disease and an ulcerative colitis likeulcerative proctitis, left-sided colitis, pancolitis and fulminantcolitis.

Aspects of the present invention provide, in part, where the CB2receptor mediated disease is pain. Pain is commonly segmented byduration (acute vs. chronic), intensity (mild, moderate, and severe),and type (nociceptive vs. neuropathic). Nociceptive pain is the mostwell known type of pain, and is caused by tissue injury detected bynociceptors at the site of injury. After the injury, the site becomes asource of ongoing pain and tenderness. This pain and tenderness areconsidered “acute” nociceptive pain. This pain and tenderness graduallydiminish as healing progresses and disappear when healing is complete.Examples of acute nociceptive pain include surgical procedures (post-oppain) and bone fractures. Even though there may be no permanent nervedamage, “chronic” nociceptive pain results from some conditions whenpain extends beyond six months. Examples of chronic nociceptive paininclude osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and musculoskeletalconditions (e.g., back pain), cancer pain, etc.

Neuropathic pain is defined as pain initiated or caused by a primarylesion or dysfunction in the nervous system. Neuropathic pain is notassociated with nociceptive stimulation, although the passage of nerveimpulses that is ultimately perceived as pain by the brain is the samein both nociceptive and neuropathic pain. The term neuropathic painencompasses a wide range of pain syndromes of diverse etiologies. Thethree most commonly diagnosed pain types of neuropathic nature arediabetic neuropathy, cancer neuropathy, and HIV pain. In addition,neuropathic pain is diagnosed in patients with a wide range of otherdisorders, including trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia,traumatic neuralgia, phantom limb, as well as a number of otherdisorders of ill-defined or unknown origin.

The compounds disclosed herein are useful to treat patients withneuropathy or inflammatory pain such as reflex sympatheticdystrophy/causalgia (nerve injury), peripheral neuropathy (includingdiabetic neuropathy), intractable cancer pain, complex regional painsyndrome, and entrapment neuropathy (carpel tunnel syndrome). Thecompounds are also useful in the treatment of pain associated with acuteherpes zoster (shingles), postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), and associatedpain syndromes such as ocular pain. The compounds are further useful asanalgesics in the treatment of pain such as surgical analgesia, or as anantipyretic for the treatment of fever. Pain indications include, butare not limited to, post-surgical pain for various surgical proceduresincluding post-cardiac surgery, dental pain/dental extraction,bunionectomy, pain resulting from cancer, muscular pain, mastalgia, painresulting from dermal injuries, lower back pain, headaches of variousetiologies, including migraine, and the like. The compounds are alsouseful for the treatment of pain-related disorders such as tactileallodynia and hyperalgesia. The compounds are also useful for thetreatment of glaucoma. The pain may be somatogenic (either nociceptiveor neuropathic), acute and/or chronic.

Furthermore, the compounds disclosed herein can be used in the treatmentor prevention of opiate tolerance in patients needing protracted opiateanalgesics, and benzodiazepine tolerance in patients takingbenzodiazepines, and other addictive behavior, for example, nicotineaddiction, alcoholism, and eating disorders. Moreover, the compounds andmethods disclosed herein are useful in the treatment or prevention ofdrug withdrawal symptoms, for example treatment or prevention ofsymptoms of withdrawal from opiate, alcohol, or tobacco addiction.

Other disorders or conditions which can be advantageously treated by thecompounds disclosed herein include inflammation. The compounds disclosedherein are useful as anti-inflammatory agents with the additionalbenefit of having significantly less harmful side effects. The compoundsare useful to treat arthritis, including but not limited to rheumatoidarthritis, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, osteoarthritis,systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile arthritis, acute rheumaticarthritis, enteropathic arthritis, neuropathic arthritis, psoriaticarthritis, and pyogenic arthritis. The compounds are also useful intreating osteoporosis and other related bone disorders.

These compounds can also be used to treat gastrointestinal conditionssuch as reflux esophagitis, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease,Crohn's disease, gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerativecolitis. The compounds may also be used in the treatment of pulmonaryinflammation, such as that associated with viral infections and cysticfibrosis. In addition, compounds disclosed herein are also useful inorgan transplant patients either alone or in combination withconventional immunomodulators. Yet further, the compounds disclosedherein are useful in the treatment of pruritis and vitaligo. Inaddition, the compounds can be used to treat insulin resistance andother metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis that are typicallyassociated with an exaggerated inflammatory signaling.

The compounds disclosed herein are useful to treat patients withischemia, retinitis of ophthalmic diseases, such as glaucoma, retinalganglion degeneration, ocular irritation, retinopathies, uveitis, ocularphotophobia, and of inflammation and pain associated with acute injuryto the eye tissue. Specifically, the compounds can be used to treatglaucomatous retinopathy and/or diabetic retinopathy. The compounds canalso be used to treat post-operative inflammation or pain as fromophthalmic surgery such as cataract surgery and refractive surgery.

Still other disorders or conditions advantageously treated by thecompounds disclosed herein include the prevention or treatment ofhypreproliferative diseases, especially cancers. Hematological andnon-hematological malignancies which may be treated or prevented includebut are not limited to multiple myeloma, acute and chronic leukemiasincluding Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia(CLL), and Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CLL), lymphomas, includingHodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (low, intermediate, andhigh grade), as well as solid tumors and malignancies of the brain, headand neck, breast, lung, reproductive tract, upper digestive tract,pancreas, liver, renal, bladder, prostate and colorectal. The compoundscan also be used to treat fibrosis, such as that which occurs withradiation therapy. The present compounds can also be used to treatsubjects having adenomatous polyps, including those with familialadenomatous polyposis (FAP). Additionally, the present compounds can beused to prevent polyps from forming in patients at risk of FAP. Thecompounds may also be used to treat malignancies of the skin including,but not limited to, melanomas.

The compounds disclosed herein may also be used in the treatment ofautoimmune diseases including but not limited to multiple sclerosis,rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis,diabetes mellitus type I, inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowelsyndrome, psoriasis and other immune related disorders including but notlimited to tissue rejection in organ transplants, malabsorptionsyndromes such as celiac disease, pulmonary diseases such as asthma andSjogren's syndrome.

The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present inventionare also useful in the treatment and prevention of pruritis. Thepruritis may be due to atopic dermatitis, eczema, or insect bites. Otherforms of pruritis treatable or preventable by the compounds andpharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include ocularand/or otic pruritis, kidney dialysis-induced pruritis andopioid-induced pruritis.

The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present inventionare also useful in the treatment and prevention of skin disorders (e.g.sunburn, dermatitis, pruritis); lung disorders (e.g. chronic obstructivepulmonary disease, cough, asthma, bronchitis); ophthalmic disorders(e.g. glaucoma, retinitis, reinopathies, uveitis, conjunctivitis);gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. ulcerative colitis, irritable bowelsyndrome, coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, gastroesophagealreflux disease, organ transplant, nausea, emesis); cardiovasculardisorders (e.g. stroke, cardiac arrest, atherosclerosis, myocardialischemia); neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory or psychiatric disorders(e.g. senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neuroinflammation, tinnitus); bladderdisorders (e.g. bladder hyper-reflexia, cystitis) and cancer, such asfor instance, lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma, acute myelogenousleukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, glioma, skin cancer, breastcancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer,pancreatic cancer.

In addition, compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the presentinvention can be used to modulate bone formation and/or resorption fortreating certain conditions including, but not limited to, ankylosingspondylitis, gout, arthritis associated with gout, osteoarthritis andosteoporosis.

Besides being useful for human treatment, certain compounds andformulations disclosed herein may also be useful for veterinarytreatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals,including mammals, rodents, rabbits, and the like. More preferredanimals include horses, dogs, and cats.

Aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, administering toan individual a composition comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist disclosedin the present specification. A composition comprising a cannabinoid-2agonist can be administered to an individual using a variety of enteralor parenteral approaches including, without limitation, oraladministration in any acceptable form, such as, e.g., tablet, liquid,capsule, powder, or the like; topical administration in any acceptableform, such as, e.g., drops, spray, creams, gels or ointments;intravascular administration in any acceptable form, such as, e.g.,intravenous bolus injection, intravenous infusion, intra-arterial bolusinjection, intra-arterial infusion and catheter instillation into thevasculature; peri- and intra-tissue administration in any acceptableform, such as, e.g., intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection,subcutaneous injection, subcutaneous infusion, intraocular injection,retinal injection, or sub-retinal injection or epidural injection; andby placement device, such as, e.g., an implant, a patch, a pellet, acatheter, an osmotic pump, a suppository, a bioerodible delivery system,a non-bioerodible delivery system or another implanted extended or slowrelease system. An exemplary list of biodegradable polymers and methodsof use are described in, e.g., Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers(Abraham J. Domb et al., eds., Overseas Publishers Association, 1997).Delivery mechanisms for administering a composition comprising acannabinoid-2 agonist to an individual are described in, e.g., LeonidBeigelman et al., Compositions for the Delivery of Negatively ChargedMolecules, U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,713 (May 28, 2002); Vernon G. Wong & MaeW. L. Hu, Methods for Treating Inflammation-mediated Conditions of theEye, U.S. Pat. No. 6,726,918; David A. Weber et al., Methods andApparatus for Delivery of Ocular Implants, U.S. Patent Publication No.US2004/0054374; Thierry Nivaggioli et al., Biodegradable Ocular Implant,U.S. Patent Publication No. US2004/0137059; Patrick M. Hughes et al.,Anti-Angiogenic Sustained Release Intraocular Implants and RelatedMethods, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/364,687; and Patrick M.Hughes et al., Sustained Release Intraocular Drug Delivery Systems, U.S.Patent Publication 2006/0182783, each of which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

The actual delivery mechanism used to administer a compositioncomprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist to an individual can be determined bya person of ordinary skill in the art by taking into account factors,including, without limitation, the type of disease, the location of thedisease, the cause of the disease, the severity of the disease, thedegree of relief desired, the duration of relief desired, the particularcannabinoid-2 agonist used, the rate of excretion of the cannabinoid-2agonist used, the pharmacodynamics of the cannabinoid-2 agonist used,the nature of the other compounds to be included in the composition, theparticular route of administration, the particular characteristics,history and risk factors of the patient, such as, e.g., age, weight,general health and the like, or any combination thereof.

-   -   Aspects of the present specification can also be described as        follows:

-   1. A compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt    thereof:

-   -   wherein R, R₁, R₂, and R₃, are independently H, hydroxyl,        halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkenyl,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted        or optionally substituted oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted thioalkyl, a six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member        heterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl;        and    -   Q is six-member aryl, a six-member substituted aryl, or the        ring-structure of formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is N, O, S or C(R₆R₇);    -   R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are        independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted oxyalkyl,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a six-member        cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or        a six-member heteroaryl.

-   2. The compound of 1, wherein R is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto,    C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆ alkyl;    -   R₁ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆        alkyl;    -   R₂ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, OC₁-C₆        alkyl, or C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆ alkyl        substituted by OH;    -   R₃ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆        alkyl;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a        six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a        six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; and    -   Q is phenyl, a substituted phenyl, or the ring-structure of        formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇);    -   R₆, R₇ R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are        independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or        OC₁-C₆ alkyl.

-   3. The compound of 1, wherein R is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto,    C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   R₁ is H, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   R₂ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆        alkyl substituted by OH;    -   R₃ is H, or C₁-C₆ alkyl;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, morpholine, or        piperidine; and    -   Q is the ring-structure of formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇);    -   R₆ and R₇ are independently H or halogen; and    -   R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are independently H or        C₁-C₂ alkyl, provided at least two are not hydrogen.

-   4. The compound of 3, wherein R₈, R₉, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are methyl; R₁₀,    R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are hydrogen; and Y is CH₂.

-   5. The compound of 1, wherein the cannabinoid-2 agonist is    5-hydroxy-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    4,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    4-Chloro-5-methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    4-Chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    4-Chloro-5-propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    5-Methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    5-Dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    5-Propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    5-Propyloxy-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    4-Chloro-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    4-Bromo-5-propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    4-Bromo-5-(2-dimethylaminoethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    4-Bromo-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylamino    ethylmethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,    or    4-Chloro-5-(2-diethylaminoethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one.

-   6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of 1.

-   7. A method of treating an individual suffering from a CB2 receptor    mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease, the method comprising the    step of administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition    of 6, wherein such administration reduces or eliminates a symptom    associated with the CB2 receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or    disease.

-   8. The method of 7, wherein the CB2 receptor mediated syndrome,    disorder, or disease is 1) an appetite related syndrome, disorder or    disease; 2) a metabolism related syndrome, disorder or disease; 3) a    diabetes related syndrome, disorder or disease; 4) an eye related    syndrome, disorder or disease; 5) a social or mood related syndrome,    disorder or disease; 6) a seizure related syndrome, disorder or    disease; 7) a substance abuse related syndrome, disorder or    disease; 8) a learning, cognition or memory related syndrome,    disorder or disease; 9) an organ related syndrome, disorder or    disease; 10) a vascular related syndrome, disorder or disease; 11) a    dermatological related syndrome, disorder or disease; 12) a muscle    spasm syndrome, disorder or disease; 13) a gastrointestinal related    syndrome, disorder or disease; 14) a respiratory related syndrome,    disorder or disease; 15) a locomotor activity or movement syndrome,    disorder or disease; 16) a neurological or neurodegenerative related    syndrome, disorder or disease; 17) hypreproliferative related    syndrome, disorder or disease; 18) immune or inflammation related    syndrome, disorder or disease; or 19) pain related syndrome,    disorder or disease.

-   9. A compound of formula III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt    thereof:

-   -   wherein X is N, O, S or C(R₄R₅)    -   W is N, O, S, or CH;    -   R₁ and R₂ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a        six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a        six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a        six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a        six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; and    -   Q is six-member aryl, a six-member substituted aryl, or the        ring-structure of formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is N, O, S or C(R₆R₇); and    -   R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are        independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted oxyalkyl,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a six-member        cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or        a six-member heteroaryl.

-   10. The compound of 9, wherein X is N or CH;    -   W is N or CH;    -   R₁ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆        alkyl;    -   R₂ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, OC₁-C₆        alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆ alkyl        substituted by OH;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,        unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or        optionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally        substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted        oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted thioalkyl, a        six-member cycloalkyl, a six-member heterocycloalkyl, a        six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; and    -   Q is phenyl, a substituted phenyl, or the ring-structure of        formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇);    -   R₆, R₇ R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are        independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or        OC₁-C₆ alkyl.

-   11. The compound of 9, wherein R is H, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or    OC₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   R₁ is H, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃ alkyl;    -   R₂ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆        alkyl substituted by OH;    -   R₄ and R₅ are independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, morpholine, or        piperidine;    -   X is N or CH;    -   W is N or CH; and    -   Q is the ring-structure of formula II:

-   -   wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇);    -   R₆ and R₇ are independently H or halogen; and    -   R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are independently H or        C₁-C₂ alkyl, provided at least two are not hydrogen.

-   12. The compound of 11, wherein R₈, R₉, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are methyl;    R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are hydrogen; and Y is CH₂.

-   13. The compound of 9, wherein the cannabinoid-2 agonist is    1-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl    cyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,    2-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl    cyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,    1-(2-Morpholin-4-ylethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,    2-(2-Morpholin-4-ylethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,    1-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,    or    2-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one.

-   14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of 9.

-   15. A method of treating an individual suffering from a CB2 receptor    mediated syndrome, disorder, or disease, the method comprising the    step of administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition    of 14, wherein such administration reduces or eliminates a symptom    associated with the CB2 receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or    disease.

-   16. The method of 15, wherein the CB2 receptor mediated syndrome,    disorder, or disease is 1) an appetite related syndrome, disorder or    disease; 2) a metabolism related syndrome, disorder or disease; 3) a    diabetes related syndrome, disorder or disease; 4) an eye related    syndrome, disorder or disease; 5) a social or mood related syndrome,    disorder or disease; 6) a seizure related syndrome, disorder or    disease; 7) a substance abuse related syndrome, disorder or    disease; 8) a learning, cognition or memory related syndrome,    disorder or disease; 9) an organ related syndrome, disorder or    disease; 10) a vascular related syndrome, disorder or disease; 11) a    dermatological related syndrome, disorder or disease; 12) a muscle    spasm syndrome, disorder or disease; 13) a gastrointestinal related    syndrome, disorder or disease; 14) a respiratory related syndrome,    disorder or disease; 15) a locomotor activity or movement syndrome,    disorder or disease; 16) a neurological or neurodegenerative related    syndrome, disorder or disease; 17) hypreproliferative related    syndrome, disorder or disease; 18) immune or inflammation related    syndrome, disorder or disease; or 19) pain related syndrome,    disorder or disease.

-   17. A method of manufacturing a medicament, wherein the medicament    comprises the compound of 1 or 9.

EXAMPLES Example 1 General Scheme

The protected hydrazines may be prepared by condensing t-Butyl carbazatewith a cyclic ketone in a solvent such as dimethylformamide to form theprotected hydrazone. The reaction may be carried out at roomtemperature. The protected hydrazone is reduced to the protectedhydrazine by hydrogenation over a palladium catalyst such as 10%palladium on charcoal in a solvent such as ethanol. Other reducingagents such as sodium borohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride mayalso be used.

The hydrazone is formed at room temperature in alcohol such as ethanol.The cyclization is carried out in acetic acid at 120° C. as shown in thescheme below.

Compounds disclosed in the present specification may be prepared bydisplacement of a halogen with a suitable amine as shown in thefollowing scheme:

The reaction is carried out in a solvent such as DMSO at a temperaturefrom room temperature to 130°, preferably 100°. The starting materialsmay be prepared by condensing a protected or unprotected hydrazine withmucochloric or mucobromic acid in a solvent such as 6M hydrochloric acidas shown in the scheme below. The mucochloric and mucobromic acids arewell known in the literature and readily prepared by known methods.

The protecting group can be the hydrochloride salt or a protecting groupsuch as t-butyloxy carbonyl (BOC). The reaction can also be carried outas a two stage procedure with a hydrazine as described in U.S. Pat. No.2,628,181 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,045,014, each of which is herebyincorporated by reference.

Example 2 Synthesis of t-ButylN′-(3,3,5,5-Tetramethylcyclohexyl)hydrazine carboxylate

t-Butyl N′-(3,3,5,5-Tetramethylcyclohexylidene)hydrazine carboxylate(10.0 g, 0.0373 moles) was dissolved in ethanol (600 ml) and 5% Platinumon carbon (0.4 g) was added in water (2 mL). Stirred overnight under ahydrogen atmosphere (balloon). Filtered through HyFlo to remove thecatalyst and evaporated the solvents to give a grey solid. Trituratedwith water and filtered off the grey solid. Dried in a desiccator togive the product as a grey solid (8.4 g, 83%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz DMSO-d₆)8.1 (brm, 1H), 4.1 (brm, 1H), 2.95 (m, 1H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 1.35 (s, 9H),1.15 (m, 1H), 0.95 (m, 1H), 0.95 (s, 6H), 0.9 (s, 6H).

Example 3 Synthesis of t-ButylN′-(3,3,5,5-Tetramethylcyclohexylidene)hydrazine carboxylate

3,3,5,5-Tetramethylcyclohexanone (7.7 g, 0.05 moles) was dissolved inDMF (50 mL) and t-butyl carbazate (6.6 g, 0.05 moles) was added to givea clear solution. Left to stand over the weekend. Poured into water andextracted into ethyl acetate. Washed with water and dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulphate. Evaporated to give a white solid. Triturated withether and dried in a desiccator to give the product as a white solid.(10.4 g, 78%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz DMSO-d₆) mixture of isomers 9.5 and 7.95(brs, 1H), 2.95 (s, 1H), 2.75 (s, 1H), 2.1 (s, 2H), 1.95 (s, 2H), 1.4(s, 9H), 0.9 (2s, 12H).

Example 4 Synthesis of4,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

t-Butyl N′-(3,3,5,5-Tetramethylcyclohexyl)hydrazine carboxylate (5.0 g,0.0194 moles) was suspended in 6M hydrochloric acid (375 mL) andmucochloric acid (3.28 g, 0.0194 moles) was added. Heated to reflux withstirring overnight and allowed to cool. Diluted with water and filteredoff the product as a grey solid. Dried in a desiccator over phosphoruspentoxide. (4.89 g, 83%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz CDCl₃) 7.8 (s, 1H), 5.25 (m,1H), 1.55 (m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 1.15 (m, 1H), 1.15 (s, 6H), 0.95 (s,6H).

Example 5 Synthesis of4-Bromo-5-n-propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

4,5-Dibromo-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one wasprepared in a similar manner to4,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one. ¹H NMR(300 MHz DMSO-d₆) 8.15 (m, 1H), 5.1 (m, 1H), 1.5 (m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H),1.1 (m, 1H), 1.05 (s, 6H), 0.95 (s, 6H).

Example 6 Synthesis of4-Chloro-5-methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

4,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one (0.3 g,1.475 mmoles) was dissolved in DMSO (20 mL) and a 40% aqueous solutionof methylamine (0.6 mL, 1.7 mmoles) was added with stirring. Heated at100° C. overnight. Allowed to cool and then poured into water. A solidprecipitated out and was filtered off. Purified using a silica cartridgeeluted with ethyl acetate:isohexane (3:7) to give the product as a creamsolid (150 mg). ¹H NMR (300 MHz CDCl₃) 7.65 (s, 1H), 5.35 (m, 1H), 4.7(brs, 1H), 3.05 (d, 3H, J=5 Hz), 1.55 (m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 1.15 (m,1H), 1.15 (s, 6H), 0.95 (s, 6H).

Example 7 Synthesis of4-Chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

4-Chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one(or4-Chloro-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one)was prepared from4,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one in asimilar manner using a 2M solution of dimethylamine in methanol (4equivalents). ¹H NMR (300 MHz CDCl3) 7.64 (s, 1H), 5.3 (m, 1H), 3.1 (s,6H), 1.55 (m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 1.15 (m, 1H), 1.15 (s, 6H), 0.95 (s,6H).

Example 8 Synthesis of4-Chloro-5-n-propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

4-Chloro-5-n-propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-onewas prepared from4,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one in asimilar manner using n-propylamine (4 equivalents). ¹H NMR (300 MHzCDCl₃) 7.6 (s, 1H), 5.3 (m, 1H), 4.65 (brs, 1H), 3.5 (q, 2H, J=7 Hz),1.72 (q, 2H, J=7 Hz), 1.55 (m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 1.15 (m, 1H), 1.15 (s,6H), 1.04 (t, 3H, J=7 Hz), 0.95 (s, 6H).

Example 9 Synthesis of4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-onewas prepared from 4,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one in a similar manner using2-Dimethylaminoethyl amine (4 equivalents). ¹H NMR (300 MHz CDCl₃) 7.60(s, 1H), 5.44 (m, 1H), 5.33 (m, 1H), 3.33 (m, 2H), 2.59 (m, 2H), 2.29(s, 6H), 1.55 (m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 1.15 (m, 1H), 1.15 (s, 6H), 0.95 (s,6H).

Example 10 Synthesis of4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-onewas prepared from 4,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one in a similar manner using2-Dimethylaminoethyl methylamine (4 equivalents). ¹H NMR (300 MHz CDCl₃)7.68 (s, 1H), 5.28 (m, 1H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.1 (s, 3H), 2.56 (m, 2H),2.26 (s, 6H), 1.55 (m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 1.15 (m, 1H), 1.15 (s, 6H),0.95 (s, 6H).

Example 11 Synthesis of4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-onewas prepared from 4,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one in a similar manner using2-Dimethylaminoethyl methylamine (4 equivalents). ¹H NMR (300 MHz CDCl₃)7.68 (s, 1H), 5.28 (m, 1H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.1 (s, 3H), 2.56 (m, 2H),2.26 (s, 6H), 1.55 (m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 1.15 (m, 1H), 1.15 (s, 6H),0.95 (s, 6H).

Example 12 Synthesis of4-Bromo-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

4-Bromo-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-onewas prepared from 4,5-Dibromo-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one in a similar manner using2-Dimethylaminoethyl amine (4 equivalents). ¹H NMR (300 MHz CDCl₃) 7.51(s, 1H), 5.53 (m, 1H), 5.33 (m, 1H), 3.34 (m, 2H), 2.60 (m, 2H), 2.3 (s,6H), 1.55 (m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 1.15 (m, 1H), 1.15 (s, 6H), 0.95 (s,6H).

Example 13 Synthesis of4-Bromo-5-(2-morpholinoethyl)amino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

4-Bromo-5-(2-morpholinoethyl)amino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-onewas prepared from 4,5-Dibromo-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one in a similar manner using 2-Morpholinoethylamine (4 equivalents). ¹H NMR (300 MHz CDCl₃) 7.51 (s, 1H), 5.67 (m,1H), 5.33 (m, 1H), 3.78 (m, 4H), 3.38 (m, 2H), 2.70 (m, 2H), 2.52 (m,4H), 1.55 (m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 1.15 (m, 1H), 1.15 (s, 6H), 0.95 (s, 6H)

Example 14 Synthesis of4-Bromo-5-dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one

A solution of4,5-Dibromo-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one (1.059g, 2.70 mmol) in EtOH/H₂O (15 mL, 2:1) was treated with a solution ofN,N-dimethylamine in EtOH (5.6 M, 2 mL, 10.805 mmol). After stirring for20 h at room temperature, the volatiles were removed in vacuo. Theresidue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered and evaporated to provide4-bromo-5-dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-2H-yridazin-3-one(0.962 g, 100%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.57 (1H,s), 5.29 (1H, app tt, J=3.7, 12.1 Hz), 3.11 (6H, s), 1.64-1.45 (4H, m),1.35-1.28 (2H, m), 1.14 (6H, s), 0.96 (6H, s).

Example 15 Synthesis of5-Methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

4-Chloro-5-methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one(0.15 g, 0.5 mmoles) was dissolved in ethanol (20 mL) and 1M sodiumhydroxide (1 ml) was added. 10% Palladium on charcoal (40 mg) was addedand the reaction mixture was stirred overnight under a balloon ofhydrogen. Filtered off the catalyst and evaporated to a low bulk.Partitioned between water and ethyl acetate, separated and dried overmagnesium sulphate. Evaporated to give the required product as a buffsolid. (0.125 g, 94%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz CDCl₃) 7.32 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 5.7(d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 5.3 (m, 1H), 4.2 (brs, 1H), 2.85 (d, 3H, J=5 Hz), 1.55(m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 1.15 (m, 1H), 1.15 (s, 6H), 0.95 (s, 6H).

Example 16 Synthesis of5-Dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

5-Dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one wasprepared in a similar manner to5-Methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one. ¹H NMR(300 MHz CDCl₃) 7.32 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 5.71 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 5.3 (m, 1H),4.15 (brs, 1H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 2.83 (s, 3H), 1.55 (m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H),1.15 (m, 1H), 1.15 (s, 6H), 0.95 (s, 6H).

Example 17 Synthesis of5-n-Propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one

5-n-Propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one wasprepared in a similar manner to5-Methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one. ¹H NMR(300 MHz CDCl₃) 7.45 (m, 1H), 5.9 (m, 1H), 5.3 (m, 1H), 5.25 (brs, 1H),3.1 (m, 2H), 1.7 (m, 2H), 1.55 (m, 4H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 1.15 (m, 1H), 1.15(s, 6H), 1.05 (m, 3H), 0.95 (s, 6H).

Example 18 Synthesis of5-Dimethylamino-3-oxo-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-2,3-dihydro-yridazine-4-carbaldehyde

A solution of4-bromo-5-dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-2H-yridazin-3-one(0.962 g, 2.70 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was treated with Pd/C (100 mg). Theatmosphere was purged of oxygen under vacuo and replaced with H2. Afterstirring for 20 h at room temperature, the mixture was filtered overCelite and evaporated in vacuo to provide5-dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one(749 mg) which was directly used without further purification.

POCl₃ (0.9 mL, 9.75 mmol) was slowly added to precooled (0° C.),anhydrous DMF (5 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 30 min, asolution of5-dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one(749 mg, 2.70 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (6 mL) was added and the mixturewas stirred at 70° C. for 1.5 h. After cooling, the mixture was pouredover saturated NaHCO₃/ice. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc(2×20 mL). The combined organics were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered andevaporated in vacuo to provide5-dimethylamino-3-oxo-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-2,3-dihydro-pyridazine-4-carbaldehyde(1.19 g, 100%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.33 (1H,s), 7.80 (1H, s), 5.27 (1H, app tt, J=3.7, 11.7 Hz), 3.13 (6H, s),1.63-1.44 (4H, m), 1.30 (2H, app t, J=11.0 Hz), 1.16 (6H, s), 0.98 (6H,s).

Example 19 Synthesis of5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-1,5-dihydro-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one

A solution of5-dimethylamino-3-oxo-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-2,3-dihydro-pyridazine-4-carbaldehyde(1.19 g, 3.903 mmol) in EtOH (30 mL) was treated with H₂NNH₂.H₂O (1.2mL, 39.03 mmol). After stirring at reflux for 20 h, the volatiles wereremoved in vacuo and the solid residue was extracted with EtOAc. Theorganics were then washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄). After evaporationof volatiles, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (50 g(solute SiO₂ cartridge, continuous gradient 100% hexanes→hexanes/EtOAc,1:1) to provide5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-1,5-dihydro-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one(495.3 mg, 46%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.36 (1H,s), 8.31 (1H, s), 5.45 (1H, app heptet, J=4.6 Hz), 1.71-1.57 (4H, m),1.40-1.22 (2H, m), 1.19 (6H, s), 1.00 (6H, s).

Example 20 Synthesis of1-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-1,5-dihydro-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one

A solution of1-propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-1,5-dihydro-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one(85 mg, 0.31 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (64.2 mg, 0.465 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (2mL) was treated with n-propylbromide (92 μL, 0.464 mmol). After stirringat room temperature for 20 h, the mixture was quenched with water. Theaqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The organics werecombined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and the volatiles were removed invacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (20 g (soluteSiO₂ cartridge, continuous gradient 100% hexanes hexanes/EtOAc, 1:1) toprovide1-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-1,5-dihydro-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one(26.2 mg, 27%) as a white solid along with the regioisomer2-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexyl)-1,5-dihydro-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one(47.2, 48%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.19 (1H, s),8.14 (1H, s), 5.53-5.36 (1H, m), 4.31 (2H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.98 (2H, appsextet, J=7.5 Hz), 1.64-1.56 (4H, m), 1.31 (2H, app t, J=15.2 Hz),1.23-1.2 (1H, m), 1.18 (6H, s), 0.98 (6H, s), 0.94 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz).

Example 21 Synthesis of1-(2-Morpholinoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one

1-(2-Morpholinoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-onewas prepared in a similar manner to1-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one.¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.17 (1H, s), 8.16 (1H, s), 5.49-5.36 (1H, m),4.43 (2H, t, J=6.0 Hz), 3.62 (4H, app t, J=4.6 HZ), 2.83 (2H, t, J=6.2Hz), 2.45 (4H, app t, J=4.6 Hz), 1.63-1.56 (2H, m), 1.37-1.19 (2H, m),1.16 (6H, s), 0.97 (6H, s).

Example 22 Synthesis of1-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one

1-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-onewas prepared in a similar manner to1-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one.¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.19 (1H, s), 8.18 (1H, s), 5.52-5.38 (1H, m),4.42 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 2.81 (2H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 2.28 (6H, s), 1.64-1.56(4H, m), 1.32 (2H, t, J=15.2 Hz), 1.18 (6H, s), 0.98 (6H, s).

Example 23 Assays for CB2 Activity A. Radioligand Binding Assay

Plasma membranes prepared from HEK 293 EBNA cells transfected with humanCB1 or CB2 cannabinoid receptors (3.7 or 3.3 μmol/mg protein, receptorconcentration; PerkinElmer) were used for the radioligand bindingstudies. The composition of incubation buffer for CB1 assay was 50 mMTris base, 2.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl₂ and 0.5 mg/ml fatty acid free BSA andfor CB2 assay was 50 mM Tris base, 2.5 mM EGTA, 5 mM MgCl₂ and 1 mg/mlfatty acid free BSA; pH was adjusted to 7.4 by adding 1N HCl. Plasmamembranes were diluted with incubation buffer to provide a final proteinconcentration of 2.4 μg (CB1) or 8 μg (CB2) per well in non-bindingsurface polystyrene 96-well assay plates (Corning). Compound solutionswere prepared in silanized glass tubes and dispensed using pipette tipswith SUPERSLIK™ surface. Competition studies were performed using afinal concentration of 0.72 nM [³H]-CP 55,940 (100-180 Ci/mmol, specificactivity; PerkinElmer) against test compounds. Non-specific binding wasdetermined using 10 uM of unlabeled CP 55,940. Incubations wereperformed in 96-well assay plates at a final volume of 200 ul for 90 min(CB1) or 60 min (CB2) at room temperature. Binding reactions wereterminated by the addition of ice-cold incubation buffer and rapidfiltration through a glass fiber filter using a cell harvester(Inotech). This was followed by 8 additional washes. The glass fiberfilter (0.26 mm thickness, 1-1.5 um retention; Inotech) was presoaked incold incubation buffer containing 0.05% polyethylenimine. The filterswere oven-dried at 50° C. for 60 min and counting performed using aBeckman Coulter LS 6500 Multi-Purpose Scintillation Counter(Beckman-Coulter). Binding was determined in duplicate for at least 4separate experiments.

B. Mouse Isolated Vas Deferens (MVD) Bioassay

Smooth muscle tension of the isolated tissues was measured isometricallywith force displacement transducers (Grass FT-03) and was recorded on apolygraph (Grass Model 7J) with low level DC amplifier (Grass Model7P122). The jacketed 5-ml glass organ baths contained modified Krebssolution maintained at 31-33° C. and gassed with 95% O₂/5% CO₂ to give apH of 7.4. The modified Mg²⁺ free Krebs solution was prepared fresh onthe day of the experiment and had the following composition (mM): NaCl,118.2; KCl, 4.75; KH₂PO₄, 1.19; CaCl₂, 2.54; NaHCO₃, 25.0; glucose,11.0. Test compounds were dissolved in ethanol at a stock concentrationof 10 μM and diluted in 80% DMSO in normal saline. The test compoundshad a final vehicle concentration of 0.1% ethanol and 0.37% DMSO in theorgan bath. Compound solutions were prepared in heat-silanized glassvials that were covered with foil to protect from light. Vas deferenswere collected from male Swiss Webster mice, at a minimum age of 6weeks, for use in the bioassay. Two tissues, each of approximately 2 cmin length, were obtained from one animal. The vas deferens was suspendedlongitudinally using 4-0 silk sutures, with the epididymal end in theupper position, and equilibrated for 45-60 min under 0.4-0.5 g tensionwithout electrical stimulation. Electrical current was generated by aGrass S88X stimulator and distributed to the individual organ bathsusing modified tungsten wire electrodes that extend into the organbaths, in parallel orientation to the tissues. Two electrodes wereplaced into each bath on opposite sides of the tissue. Tissuecontractions were evoked by application of a train of electrical pulses.The electrical stimulation conditions were as follows: train rate 0.1train/sec (TPS); train duration 500 ms; stimulation rate 5 pulses/sec(PPS); pulse delay 0.01 msec; pulse duration 0.5 msec; pulse size 10-14V. Each tissue is electrically stimulated for 2 min, followed by abuffer wash, then 2-3 min rest. Voltage was applied between 10-14 V todetermine the optimal setting. This cycle was repeated 3-4 times untilthe tissue contractions exhibited constant amplitude. Two electricallystimulated contractions were obtained for baseline readings and then,without washing the tissue, the test compound solution or vehicle wasapplied. Tissues were incubated with agonist or vehicle for 2-3 min andthen electrically stimulated for 2 min. Investigational compounds orvehicle were evaluated in a cumulative manner and the tissue was notwashed until dosing was completed. One concentration-response curve wasobtained in each tissue. Responses were calculated by measuring theheight of the electrically stimulated contractions. Data wererepresented as the average height of the last 1.5 min of eachstimulation.

TABLE 1 CB2 Activity CB1 CB2 MVD Compound Binding Binding CB2 AssayNumber Compound Name IC₅₀ (nM) IC₅₀ (nM) Selectivity EC₅₀ (nM) 15-hydroxy-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl- NA 1,819 — 3,700cyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one 24,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl- >10,000 389 >26 >10,000cyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one 3 4-Chloro-5-methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5- >10,000355 >28 2,900 tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3- one 44-Chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5- 1,023 17 60 82tetramethylcyclohexyl) pyridazin-3- one 54-Chloro-5-propylamino--2-(3,3,5,5- 1,023 5.4 189 30tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3- one 65-Methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl- >10,000 2,089 >5 10,000cyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one 7 5-Dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5- >10,000 380 >262,500 tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3- one 85-Propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl- >10,000 68 >147 440cyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one 9 4-Chloro-2-phenyl-5-propylamino- NA >10,000— >10,000 pyridazin-3-one 10 4-Chloro-2-cyclohexyl-5- NA 10,000— >10,000 propylaminopyridazin-3-one 114-Chloro-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl- 3,981 83 48 320amino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl- cyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one 124-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl >10,000 204 >49 2,900amino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl- cyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one 134-Bromo-5-propylamino--2-(3,3,5,5- 174 4.8 36 21tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3- one 144-Bromo-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl 7,413 42 177 820amino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl- cyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one 154-Bromo-5-(2-morpholin-4- 1,862 22.4 83 86ylethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl- cyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one 164-Chloro-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5- >10,000 10,000 — >10,000propylaminopyridazin-3-one 17 4-Chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-(3,5-NA >10,000 — NA dimethylphenyl)-pyridazin-3-one 184-Chloro-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-(2- >10,000 >10,000 — ~10,000morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-pyridazin- 3-one 194-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylethylamino)-2- NA NA — Not tested(3,5-dimethylphenyl)pyridazin-3-one 202-(3,5-Bistrifluoromethylphenyl)-4- >10,000 >10,000 — >10,000chloro-5-propylamino-pyridazin-3-one 212-(3,5-Bistrifluoromethylphenyl)-4- NA >10,000 — >10,000chloro-5-dimethylaminopyridazin-3- one 222-(3,5-Bistrifluoromethylphenyl)-4- NA >10,000 — >10,000chloro-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl- amino)pyridazin-3-one 232-(3,5-Bistrifluoromethylphenyl)-4- NA NA — Increasechloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl amino)pyridazin-3-one 242-t-Butyl-4-chloro-5-propylamino- NA >10,000 — >10,000 pyridazin-3-one25 4-Chloro-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5- >10,000 >10,000 — >10,000propylaminopyridazin-3-one 26 4-Chloro-2-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-5- NA10,000 — >10,000 propylaminopyridazin-3-one 272-t-Butyl-4-chloro-5-(2-morpholin-4- NA >10,000 — >10,000ylethylamino)-pyridazin-3-one 28 4-Chloro-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(2-NA >10,000 — Increase morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-pyridazin- 3-one 294-Chloro-2-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-(2- NA >10,000 — >>10,000morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-pyridazin- 3-one 30 2-Benzyl-4-chloro-5-NA >10,000 — >10,000 propylaminopyridazin-3-one 314-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl 2630 20 132 330methylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl- cyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one 324-Chloro-5-(2-diethylaminoethyl NA 1288 — 10,000amino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl- cyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one 334-Chloro-2-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-5- Not tested Not tested — >10,000propylaminopyridazin-3-one 34 1-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl- 257 17 1521 cyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin- 4-one 352-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5- >10,000 240 >42 1200tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-4-one 361-(2-Morpholin-4-ylethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5- 219 8.5 26 33tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-4-one 372-(2-Morpholin-4-ylethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5- >10,000 1,514 >7 1400tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-4-one 381-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5- 3,981 105 38 130tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-4-one 392-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5- NA 2042 — 2,900tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-4-one NA = not active

Example 24 Treatment of an Appetite Related Syndrome, Disorder, orDisease

A 57 year old female complains that she is suffering from lack ofmobility, shortness of breath, pounding heart beat, and a lack ofenergy. A physician diagnosis the patient with obesity. The woman istreated by taking, twice daily, a pill comprising a cannabinoid-2agonist as disclosed in the present specification. The patient'scondition is monitored on a weekly basis and after about 4 weeks fromthe start of treatment, the woman indicates that she is not as hungry asshe was before the treatment. A physical examination shows that she haslost weight and that her percent body fat has been reduced. At two andthree month check-ups, the woman still indicates that her appetite issuppressed and that she is losing more weight, can breathe easier andhas more energy. The reduction in these symptoms indicates successfultreatment with a composition comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist asdisclosed in the present specification. A similar treatment can beemployed for a patient suffering from another type of appetite relatedsyndrome, disorder, or disease.

Example 25 Treatment of a Metabolism Related Syndrome, Disorder, orDisease

A 63 year old man complains that he is suffering from shortness ofbreath and a lack of energy. A physician diagnosis the patient withelevated blood pressure. The man is treated by taking, once daily, apill comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the presentspecification. The patient's condition is monitored on a weekly basisand after about 2 weeks from the start of treatment, the man indicatesthat he can breathe easier and has more energy. A physical examinationshows that his blood pressure has dropped. At two and three monthcheck-ups, the man still indicates that he can breathe easier and hasmore energy and an examination indicates that his blood pressure iswithin the normal range for a man his age. The reduction in thesesymptoms indicates successful treatment with a composition comprising acannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the present specification. Asimilar treatment can be employed for a patient suffering from anothertype of metabolism related syndrome, disorder, or disease.

Example 26 Treatment of a Diabetes Related Syndrome, Disorder, orDisease

A 49 year old man complains that he is suffering from dizziness. Aphysician diagnosis the patient with diabetes. The man is treated bytaking, once daily, an injectable drug comprising a cannabinoid-2agonist as disclosed in the present specification. The patient'scondition is monitored on a weekly basis and after about 1 week from thestart of treatment, the man indicates that his dizziness does not occuras often as it did before the start of treatment. A physical examinationindicates that his glucose level has dropped. At one and three monthcheck-ups, the man still indicates that he is less dizzy then before andan examination indicates that his glucose level is within the normalrange for a man his age. The reduction in this symptom indicatessuccessful treatment with a composition comprising a cannabinoid-2agonist as disclosed in the present specification. A similar treatmentcan be employed for a patient suffering from another type of diabetesrelated syndrome, disorder, or disease.

Example 27 Treatment of an Eye Related Syndrome, Disorder, or Disease

A 58 year old woman complains that her sight is blurry. A physiciandiagnosis the patient with glaucoma. The woman is treated by injectionof an implant comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in thepresent specification. The patient's condition is monitored on a weeklybasis and after about 4 week from the start of treatment, the womanindicates that her sight has improved. A physical examination indicatesthat her intraocular pressure has decreased. At two and three monthcheck-ups, the woman still indicates that she has improved sight and anexamination indicates that her intraocular pressure is within the normalrange for a woman her age. The reduction in this symptom indicatessuccessful treatment with a composition comprising a cannabinoid-2agonist as disclosed in the present specification. A similar treatmentcan be employed for a patient suffering from another type of eye relatedsyndrome, disorder, or disease.

Example 28 Treatment of a Social or Mood Related Syndrome, Disorder, orDisease

A 35 year old woman complains that she has no energy and is sad most ofthe time. A physician diagnosis the patient with depression. The womanis treated by taking, twice daily, a pill comprising a cannabinoid-2agonist as disclosed in the present specification. The patient'scondition is monitored on a weekly basis and after about 4 week from thestart of treatment, the woman indicates that she has more energy and isless sad. A physical examination indicates that her depression hasdecreased. At two and three month check-ups, the woman still indicatesthat she has more energy and is less sad and an examination indicatesthat her mood is within the normal range for a woman her age. Thereduction in this symptom indicates successful treatment with acomposition comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in thepresent specification. A similar treatment can be employed for a patientsuffering from another type of social or mood related syndrome,disorder, or disease.

Example 29 Treatment of a Substance Abuse Related Syndrome, Disorder, orDisease

A 28 year old man complains of that he shakes all the time and that heblacks out on occasion. A physician diagnosis the patient with alcoholabuse. The man is treated by taking, once daily, a pill comprising acannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the present specification. He alsois enrolled in an alcohol abuse program. The patient's condition ismonitored on a weekly basis and after about 2 weeks from the start oftreatment, the man indicates that he does not shake as often, has notblack out and does not have as great a desire to drink liquor. Aphysical examination shows that his blood alcohol level has dropped. Attwo and three month check-ups, the man still indicates that he does notshake as often, has not black out since the treatment began, and doesnot have as great a desire to drink liquor. An examination indicatesthat his blood alcohol level is within the normal range for a man hisage. The reduction in these symptoms indicates successful treatment witha composition comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in thepresent specification. A similar treatment can be employed for a patientsuffering from another type of substance abuse related syndrome,disorder, or disease.

Example 30 Treatment of an Organ Related Syndrome, Disorder, or Disease

A 70 year old woman complains of that she has trouble digesting her foodand has pan in her upper abdomen. A physician diagnosis the patient withpancreatits. The woman is treated by taking, three times daily, a pillcomprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the presentspecification. The patient's condition is monitored on a weekly basisand after about 3 weeks from the start of treatment, the woman indicatesthat she can better digest her food and that the pain in her abdomen haslessen. A physical examination shows that the levels of pancreaticenzymes in her body have dropped. At two and three month check-ups, thewoman still indicates that she can eat better and has no pain. Anexamination indicates that the levels of pancreatic enzymes in her bodyis within the normal range for a woman her age. The reduction in thesesymptoms indicates successful treatment with a composition comprising acannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the present specification. Asimilar treatment can be employed for a patient suffering from anothertype of organ related syndrome, disorder, or disease.

Example 31 Treatment of a Dermatological Related Syndrome, Disorder, orDisease

A 42 year old woman complains that the skin on her arms and legs arescaly and itch. A physician diagnosis the patient with psoriasis. Thewoman is treated by rubbing a cream comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonistas disclosed in the present specification on the effected area. Thepatient's condition is monitored on a weekly basis and after about 2weeks from the start of treatment, the woman indicates that the scalyskin is disappearing and the itching is not as severe. A physicalexamination shows that the psoriasis is disappearing and the skin ishealing. At two and three month check-ups, the woman indicates that herskin is much better, there are no scales and the itching is gone. Anexamination indicates that the woman's skin has healed and us within thenormal range for a woman her age. The reduction in these symptomsindicates successful treatment with a composition comprising acannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the present specification. Asimilar treatment can be employed for a patient suffering from anothertype of dermatological related syndrome, disorder, or disease.

Example 32 Treatment of a Muscle Spasm Related Syndrome, Disorder, orDisease

A 38 year old man, previously diagnosed with multiple sclerosis,complains of muscle spasms. The man is treated by taking, twice daily, apill comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the presentspecification. The patient's condition is monitored on a weekly basisand after about 2 weeks from the start of treatment, the man indicatesthat he does have the muscle spasms as frequently or as severely. At twoand three month check-ups, the man indicates that he does not have anymuscle spasms. The reduction in these symptoms indicates successfultreatment with a composition comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist asdisclosed in the present specification. A similar treatment can beemployed for a patient suffering from another type of muscle spasmrelated syndrome, disorder, or disease.

Example 33 Treatment of a Gastrointestinal Related Syndrome, Disorder,or Disease

A 49 year old man complains that he is suffering from abdominal pain andweight loss. A physician diagnosis the patient with irritable bowelsyndrome. The man is treated by taking, three times daily, a pillcomprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the presentspecification. The patient's condition is monitored on a weekly basisand after about 4 week from the start of treatment, the man indicatesthat his pain has reduced in frequency and severity and that he hasgained some weight. At two and three month check-ups, the man indicatesthat the pain is gone and that he has continued to gain more weight. Anexamination indicates that his weight is within the normal range for aman his age. The reduction in this symptom indicates successfultreatment with a composition comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist asdisclosed in the present specification. A similar treatment can beemployed for a patient suffering from another type of gastrointestinalrelated syndrome, disorder, or disease.

Example 34 Treatment of a Respiratory Related Syndrome, Disorder, orDisease

A 55 year old woman complains that she has trouble breathing. Aphysician diagnosis the patient with chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease (COPD). The woman is treated by inhalation, four times daily, ofa drug comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the presentspecification. The patient's condition is monitored on a weekly basisand after about 2 week from the start of treatment, the woman indicatesthat her breathing has improved. A physical examination indicates thatthe inflammation of her bronchi and bronchioles has decreased. At twoand three month check-ups, the woman indicates that her breathing isgood and an examination indicates that the diameter of her bronchi andbronchioles is within the normal range for a woman her age. Thereduction in this symptom indicates successful treatment with acomposition comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in thepresent specification. A similar treatment can be employed for a patientsuffering from another type of respiratory related syndrome, disorder,or disease.

Example 35 Treatment of a Locomotor Activity and Movement RelatedSyndrome, Disorder, or Disease

A 44 year old man, previously diagnosed with Parkinson's disease,complains of difficulty in getting dressed, eating his food, writing,and walking, due to shaking caused by his condition. The man is treatedby taking, twice daily, a pill comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist asdisclosed in the present specification. The patient's condition ismonitored on a weekly basis and after about 2 weeks from the start oftreatment, the man indicates that he has improved on his ability to getdressed, eat his food, write, and walk. At two and three monthcheck-ups, the man indicates that he does not have any shaking and hecan engage in normal locomotor activities. The reduction in thesesymptoms indicates successful treatment with a composition comprising acannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the present specification. Asimilar treatment can be employed for a patient suffering from anothertype of locomotor activity and movement related syndrome, disorder, ordisease.

Example 36 Treatment of a Neurological or Neurodegenerative RelatedSyndrome, Disorder, or Disease

A 65 year old woman complains that she has trouble remembering. Aphysician diagnosis the patient with Alzheimer's disease. The woman istreated by taking, once daily, a pill comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonistas disclosed in the present specification. The patient's condition ismonitored on a weekly basis and after about 4 week from the start oftreatment, the woman indicates that her memory has improved. A physicalexamination indicates that the disease progression has halted. At twoand three month check-ups, the woman indicates that her memory is goodand an examination indicates that the cognitive abilities are within thenormal range for a woman her age. The reduction in this symptomindicates successful treatment with a composition comprising acannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the present specification. Asimilar treatment can be employed for a patient suffering from anothertype of neurological or neurodegenerative related syndrome, disorder, ordisease.

Example 37 Treatment of a Hypreproliferative Related Syndrome, Disorder,or Disease

A 12 year old boy complains of being tired. A physician diagnosis thepatient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The boy is treatedintervenously with a drug comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist asdisclosed in the present specification. The patient's condition ismonitored on a weekly basis and after about 4 week from the start oftreatment, the boy indicates that his energy is returning. A physicalexamination indicates that the disease progression has halted. At twoand three month check-ups, the boy indicates that he does not feel tiedanymore and an examination indicates that the leukemia is in remission.The reduction in this symptom indicates successful treatment with acomposition comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in thepresent specification. A similar treatment can be employed for a patientsuffering from another type of hypreproliferative related syndrome,disorder, or disease.

Example 38 Treatment of an Immune or Inflammation Related Syndrome,Disorder, or Disease

A 23 year old man complains of sneezing, has sinus congestion, and arunny nose. A physician diagnosis the patient with an allergy. The manis treated taking, twice daily, a pill comprising a cannabinoid-2agonist as disclosed in the present specification. The patient'scondition is monitored on a weekly basis and after about 1 week from thestart of treatment, the man indicates he is not sneezing, the sinuscongestion is reduced, and his runny nose has stopped. At two and threemonth check-ups, the man indicates that he is not sneezing, and that hissinus congestion and runny nose has disappeared. The reduction in thesesymptoms indicates successful treatment with a composition comprising acannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the present specification. Asimilar treatment can be employed for a patient suffering from anothertype of immune or inflammation related syndrome, disorder, or disease.

Example 39 Treatment of Pain Related Syndrome, Disorder, or Disease

A 33 year old man complains of back pain due to an automobile accident.The man is treated taking, three times daily, a pill comprising acannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed in the present specification. Thepatient's condition is monitored on a weekly basis and after about 1week from the start of treatment, the man indicates the pain has lessen.At one and three month check-ups, the man indicates that he is not inpain. The reduction in these symptoms indicates successful treatmentwith a composition comprising a cannabinoid-2 agonist as disclosed inthe present specification. A similar treatment can be employed for apatient suffering from another type of pain related syndrome, disorder,or disease.

1. A compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

wherein R, R₁, R₂, and R₃, are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo,keto, unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted oroptionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substitutedalkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted oxyalkyl, unsubstitutedor optionally substituted thioalkyl, a six-member cycloalkyl, asix-member heterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or a six-memberheteroaryl; and Q is six-member aryl, a six-member substituted aryl, orthe ring-structure of formula II:

wherein Y is N, O, S or C(R₆R₇); R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃,R₁₄, and R₁₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted oroptionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substitutedalkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted oxyalkyl, unsubstitutedor optionally substituted thioalkyl, a six-member cycloalkyl, asix-member heterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or a six-memberheteroaryl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R is H, halogen,hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆ alkyl; R₁ is H, halogen,hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆ alkyl; R₂ is H, halogen,hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, OC₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₂-C₆ alkylsubstituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by OH; R₃ is H,halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆ alkyl; R₄ and R₅are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted oroptionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substitutedalkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkynyl, unsubstitutedor optionally substituted oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionallysubstituted thioalkyl, a six-member cycloalkyl, a six-memberheterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; and Qis phenyl, a substituted phenyl, or the ring-structure of formula II:

wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇); R₆, R₇ R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, andR₁₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, orOC₁-C₆ alkyl.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R is H, halogen,hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃ alkyl; R₁ is H, halogen,C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃ alkyl; R₂ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkyl substitutedby N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by OH; R₃ is H, or C₁-C₆ alkyl;R₄ and R₅ are independently C₁-C₄ alkyl, morpholine, or piperidine; andQ is the ring-structure of formula II:

wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇); R₆ and R₇ are independently H or halogen; andR₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are independently H or C₁-C₂alkyl, provided at least two are not hydrogen.
 4. The compound of claim3, wherein R₈, R₉, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are methyl; R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ arehydrogen; and Y is CH₂.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein thecannabinoid-2 agonist is5-hydroxy-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4,5-Dichloro-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,5-Methylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,5-Dimethylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,5-Propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,5-Propyloxy-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Bromo-5-propylamino-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Bromo-5-(2-dimethylaminoethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Bromo-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethylmethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,4-Chloro-5-(2-diethylaminoethylamino)-2-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyridazin-3-one,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 6. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising at least one compound of claim 1 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least onepharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 7. A method of treating anindividual suffering from a CB2 receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, ordisease, the method comprising the step of administering to theindividual in need of said treatment a therapeutically effect amount ofat least one compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the CB2 receptor mediatedsyndrome, disorder, or disease is 1) an appetite related syndrome,disorder or disease; 2) a metabolism related syndrome, disorder ordisease; 3) a diabetes related syndrome, disorder or disease; 4) an eyerelated syndrome, disorder or disease; 5) a social or mood relatedsyndrome, disorder or disease; 6) a seizure related syndrome, disorderor disease; 7) a substance abuse related syndrome, disorder or disease;8) a learning, cognition or memory related syndrome, disorder ordisease; 9) an organ related syndrome, disorder or disease; 10) avascular related syndrome, disorder or disease; 11) a dermatologicalrelated syndrome, disorder or disease; 12) a muscle spasm syndrome,disorder or disease; 13) a gastrointestinal related syndrome, disorderor disease; 14) a respiratory related syndrome, disorder or disease; 15)a locomotor activity or movement syndrome, disorder or disease; 16) aneurological or neurodegenerative related syndrome, disorder or disease;17) hypreproliferative related syndrome, disorder or disease; 18) immuneor inflammation related syndrome, disorder or disease; or 19) painrelated syndrome, disorder or disease.
 9. A compound of formula III or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein X is N, O, S or C(R₄R₅) W is N, O, S, or CH; R₁ and R₂ areindependently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted oroptionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substitutedalkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkynyl, unsubstitutedor optionally substituted oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionallysubstituted thioalkyl, a six-member cycloalkyl, a six-memberheterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; R₄ andR₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted oroptionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substitutedalkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkynyl, unsubstitutedor optionally substituted oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionallysubstituted thioalkyl, a six-member cycloalkyl, a six-memberheterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; and Qis six-member aryl, a six-member substituted aryl, or the ring-structureof formula II:

wherein Y is N, O, S or C(R₆R₇); and R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃,R₁₄, and R₁₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto,unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted oroptionally substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substitutedalkynyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted oxyalkyl, unsubstitutedor optionally substituted thioalkyl, a six-member cycloalkyl, asix-member heterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or a six-memberheteroaryl.
 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein X is N or CH; W is N orCH; R₁ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or OC₁-C₆ alkyl;R₂ is H, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by OH; R₄ andR₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, unsubstituted oroptionally substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or optionally substitutedalkenyl, unsubstituted or optionally substituted alkynyl, unsubstitutedor optionally substituted oxyalkyl, unsubstituted or optionallysubstituted thioalkyl, a six-member cycloalkyl, a six-memberheterocycloalkyl, a six-member aryl, or a six-member heteroaryl; and Qis phenyl, a substituted phenyl, or the ring-structure of formula II:

wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇); R₆, R₇ R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, andR₁₅ are independently H, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, keto, C₁-C₆ alkyl, orOC₁-C₆ alkyl.
 11. The compound of claim 9, wherein R is H, halogen,C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃ alkyl; R₁ is H, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, or OC₁-C₃alkyl; R₂ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkyl substituted by N(R₄R₅), or C₂-C₆alkyl substituted by OH; R₄ and R₅ are independently C₁-C₄ alkyl,morpholine, or piperidine; X is N or CH; W is N or CH; and Q is thering-structure of formula II:

wherein Y is O or C(R₆R₇); R₆ and R₇ are independently H or halogen; andR₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are independently H or C₁-C₂alkyl, provided at least two are not hydrogen.
 12. The compound of claim11, wherein R₈, R₉, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are methyl; R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ arehydrogen; and Y is CH₂.
 13. The compound of claim 9, wherein thecannabinoid-2 agonist is 1-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,2-Propyl-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,1-(2-Morpholin-4-ylethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,2-(2-Morpholin-4-ylethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,1-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one,2-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 14. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising at least one compound of claim 9 and at least onepharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 15. A method of treating anindividual suffering from a CB2 receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, ordisease, the method comprising the step of administering to theindividual in need of said treatment a therapeutically effective amountof at least one compound of claim 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the CB2 receptormediated syndrome, disorder, or disease is 1) an appetite relatedsyndrome, disorder or disease; 2) a metabolism related syndrome,disorder or disease; 3) a diabetes related syndrome, disorder ordisease; 4) an eye related syndrome, disorder or disease; 5) a social ormood related syndrome, disorder or disease; 6) a seizure relatedsyndrome, disorder or disease; 7) a substance abuse related syndrome,disorder or disease; 8) a learning, cognition or memory relatedsyndrome, disorder or disease; 9) an organ related syndrome, disorder ordisease; 10) a vascular related syndrome, disorder or disease; 11) adermatological related syndrome, disorder or disease; 12) a muscle spasmsyndrome, disorder or disease; 13) a gastrointestinal related syndrome,disorder or disease; 14) a respiratory related syndrome, disorder ordisease; 15) a locomotor activity or movement syndrome, disorder ordisease; 16) a neurological or neurodegenerative related syndrome,disorder or disease; 17) hypreproliferative related syndrome, disorderor disease; 18) immune or inflammation related syndrome, disorder ordisease; or 19) pain related syndrome, disorder or disease.